ASTM D7440-23
(Practice)Standard Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
Standard Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to Guide D3670. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and Committee for European Normalization (CEN) standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.
6.2 Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (7). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.
6.3 Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.
6.4 Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to other published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1)2) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7440 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne
Atmospheres
and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty compo-
Methods of Committee D22
nents as recommended in the International Organization for
D6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive
Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty
2 Samplers
in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1) ) is suggested. Aspects of
D6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in
uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are
Weighing Collected Aerosols
emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often
4
2.2 ISO Standards:
complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration
5
Measurement, ISO Guide 98, 1995
values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected
ISO 7708 Air Quality — Particle Size Fraction Definitions
and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of
for Health-Related Sampling
errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Back-
ISO 15767 Workplace Atmospheres — Controlling and
ground and mathematical development are relegated to appen-
Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected Aerosol
dices for optional reading.
ISO 16107 Workplace Atmospheres — Protocol for Evalu-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as ating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers
ISO 16702 Workplace air quality — Determination of total
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
organic isocyanate groups in air using 1-(2-
standard.
methoxyphenyl)piperazine and liquid chromatography
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
practice, see Terminology D1356.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Other Terms Defined as Follows are Taken from ISO
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
GUM, Unless Otherwise Noted:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.1 accuracy—closeness of agreement between the result
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of a measurement and a true value of the measurand.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2 combined standard uncertainty, u —standard uncer-
c
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tainty of the result of a measurement when that result is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control. the ASTM website.
4
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023. Published October 2023. Originally BIPM version available for download from http://www.bipm.org/en/
ɛ1
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7440 – 08 (2015) . publications/guides/gum.html. ISO version available from American National
DOI: 10.1520/D7440-23. Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036,
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of http://www.ansi.org.
5
this standard.
See Ref (1), for an additional measurement uncertainty resource.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7440 − 23
obtained from the values of a
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7440 − 08 (Reapproved 2015) D7440 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in July 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and
settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as
recommended in the ISO International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
2
Measurement (ISO GUM, (1) ) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are
emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing
to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and
uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and
mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22
D6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers
D6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected Aerosols
4
2.2 Other International ISO Standards:
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, ISO Guide 98, 1995 (See Ref (1), for an additional
5
measurement uncertainty resource.)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2023. Published July 2015October 2023. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20082015 as D7440
ɛ1
– 08. 08 (2015) . DOI: 10.1520/D7440-08R15E01.10.1520/D7440-23.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
BIPM version available for download from http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/gum.html. ISO version available from American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5
See Ref (1), for an additional measurement uncertainty resource.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7440 − 23
ISO 7708 Air Quality—ParticleQuality — Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling
ISO 15767 Workplace Atmospheres—ControllingAtmospheres — Controlling and Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected
Aerosol
ISO 16107 Workplace Atmospheres—ProtocolAtmospheres — Protocol for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers,
2007Samplers
EN 482ISO 16702 Workplace Atmospheres—General Requirements for the Performance of Procedures for the Measurement of
Chemical Agentsair quality — Determinati
...
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