ASTM E694-18(2024)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements for laboratory glass volumetric apparatus of Class A and B. The volumetric apparatus shall be manufactured from glass of suitable chemical and thermal properties, and shall be as free as possible from visible defects. Glasswares with a flat base shall stand firmly without rocking when placed on a level surface. For those requiring stoppers and stopcocks, glass stoppers shall be interchangeable while plastic stoppers used as alternative to glass ones shall be of inert plastic material. Stopcocks, on the other hand, shall permit smooth and precise control of outflow. Glasswares shall have clean, permanent graduation lines of uniform thickness confined to the cylindrical portions of their cross section, with the graduations lines being of Pattern I, II, or III and the unit of volume being cubic centimetre. Units of cubic decimeter or cubic millimetre may be used in special cases; however, only one unit of volume shall be used on the same piece of apparatus. Aside from graduation lines, the glassware shall bear inscriptions of the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be used, the method of use (whether to contain or to deliver), and for those that deliver though an outflow nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity with unrestricted outflow. Per service requirement, additional provisions may be specified as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and tolerances for applicable instruments are given in other specifications as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform to Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with Practice E542.
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an identification marker (serial number) at the option of the manufacturer.
1.1.2 Class B—General purpose instruments are of the same basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E694 − 18 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Volumetric Instruments
E671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Re-
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common
sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-
E675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Stop-
ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-
cocks And Stoppers
tions as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform
E676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Joints
to Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with
E788 Specification for Pipet, Blood Diluting
Practice E542.
E911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the
roethylene (PTFE) Plugs
letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an
E1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli Hemoglobin
identification marker (serial number) at the option of the
E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-
manufacturer.
ders
1.1.2 Class B—General purpose instruments are of the same
E1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks,
basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for
Special Use
Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range
allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
3. General Requirements
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Units of Volume—The unit of volume shall be the cubic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3 3
centimetre (cm ) or, in special cases, the cubic decimetre (dm )
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
or cubic millimetre (mm ).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 1—The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special name
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. for the cubic centimetre (cm ) and, similarly the litre for the cubic
3 3
decimetre (dm ) and the microlitre (μL) for the cubic millimetre (mm ), in
accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
2. Referenced Documents
2 3.2 Standard Temperature—The standard reference
2.1 ASTM Standards:
temperature, that is, the temperature at which the article of
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
volumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver its
E237 Specification for Laboratory Glass Microvolumetric
nominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20 °C.
Vessels (Volumetric Flasks and Centrifuge Tubes)
E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Burets NOTE 2—When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at an
ambient temperature considerably above 20 °C, and it is not desired to use
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
the standard reference temperature of 20 °C, it is recommended that a
E438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
temperature of 27 °C be adopted.
E542 Practice for Gravimetric Calibration of Laboratory
3.3 Material and Annealing—Volumetric glassware shall be
constructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-
ties. It shall be as free as possible from visible defects and shall
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 on
conform to Specification E671.
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on
Laboratory Ware and Supplies.
3.4 Limit of Error—On an article having multiple gradua-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally
tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at any
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E694 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/E0694-18R24.
graduation line unless otherwise specified. For example, on a
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
61.00 mL, the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 mL to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 11.00 mL.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E694 − 18 (2024)
NOTE 3—The limit of volumetric error specified for any article designed
side portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical or
for delivery shall not be less than four times the standard deviation
tapered portion of the article.
determined experimentally by an experienced operator from a series of at
3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation lines
least twenty replicate determinations of delivered capacity on the same
should extend completely around the circumference of the
article, carried out strictly in accordance with the method specified for that
article. article, except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the
circumference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that
3.5 Stability—Vessels provided with a flat base shall stand
is restricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the
firmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surface
gap should be at the right or left of the normal direction of
and, unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduated
view.
portion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special
cases, vessels shall not topple when placed empty and without
3.8 Spacing of Graduation Lines—There should be no
a stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of
evident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except in
15° for sizes 25 cm or greater and 10° for vessels less than 25
special cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portion
cm . Vessels provided with a base that is not circular shall meet
of the article and a change of subdivision takes place). The
this requirement in all directions.
minimum distance, L, between the centers of adjacent gradu-
ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than that
3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:
calculated as follows:
3.6.1 Stoppers—Glass stoppers should be ground so as to be
interchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be in
L 5 ~0.810.02D! (1)
accordance with Specification E675. Stoppers of a suitable
where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of the
inert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative to
tube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).
glass. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fits
shall be in accordance with Specification E675. All stoppers
3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)—On articles of
shall bear a proper size identification. circular cross section having a scale, the length of the gradu-
3.6.2 Stopcocks—Stopcocks and similar devices shall be
ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishable
designed to permit smooth and precise control of outflow and and shall be in accordance with the following provisions:
to prevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in the
3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:
specification for the article and shall be in accordance with
3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be
Specification E675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass or
approximately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of
from suitable inert plastics material.
the article.
3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
3.7 Graduation Lines:
mately 65 % of the circumference of the article and should
3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines of
extend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short
uniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.2 mm to
lines.
0.6 mm for articles not having a scale. On articles having a
3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
scale, the specified thickness of the lines shall be 0.2 mm to
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
0.4 mm. All graduation lines shall lie in planes at right angles
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
to the longitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article.
3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:
On articles provided with a flat base, the graduation lines shall
3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than
therefore lie in planes parallel to the base.
3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined to 10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
article.
cylindrical portions of an article’s cross section and should
preferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change in 3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
diameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class B mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extend
articles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallel symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.
FIG. 1 Position of Graduation Lines
E694 − 18 (2024)
3.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around the 3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutive
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of medium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
3.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):
3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:
3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I with
3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than
vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the short
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
graduation lines shall lie on an imaginary vertical line down the
article.
center of the front of the article, the lines themselves extending
3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
preferably to the left when the article is viewed from the front
mately 1.5 times the length of the short lines and should extend
in the position of normal use.
symmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.
3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III,
3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less than
with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, the
twice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetri-
midpoints of the short and medium graduation lines shall lie on
cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and medium
an imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of the
lines.
article, when the article is viewed from the front in the position
3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir-
of normal use.
cular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article,
3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece of
the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modified
apparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated in
appropriately.
both fluid ounces and millilitres (cubic centimetres). In the case
3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2):
of two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other,
3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is no
smallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple or
objective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., marked
submultiple thereof):
respectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the two
3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
series of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatus
3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between two
and the value of each subdivision is suitably indicated.
consecutive long lines; and
3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:
3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutive
3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the number
medium and long lines.
representing nominal capacity may be included with the other
3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
inscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.
smallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple or
3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, the
submultiple thereof):
numbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent to
3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and
the lines to which they relate, if some other more suitable
3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutive
method of identification is used.
long lines.
3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the 3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line and
smallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple or a small number of subsidiary lines, the number representing the
submultiple thereof): principal capacity may be included with the other inscriptions
3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line; as in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines are
suitably identified.
3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced be-
tween two consecutive long lines; and 3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:
FIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation Lines
E694 − 18 (2024)
3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the value
corresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;
3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set of
figures;
3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;
3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation lines
and should be placed immediately above the line and slightly
to the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; and
NOTE 4—Where long lines complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, those
lines not extending completely around the article), an alternative scheme
of figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to the
right of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the line
would bisect it.
3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use a
number relating to a medium or short graduation line, the
number should be placed slightly to the right of the end of the
line in such a way that an extension of the line would
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