ASTM D3495-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Hexane Extraction of Leather
Standard Test Method for Hexane Extraction of Leather
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method measures the amount of hexane-soluble lubricant present in all types of leather. Adequate lubrication prevents abrasion of leather fibers during flexing. This lubrication is generally obtained from the fat liquor added at the tannery. Some lubrication is also obtained from natural grease produced during the life of the animal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative extraction of all types of leather with hexane. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3495 − 10
StandardTest Method for
1
Hexane Extraction of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3495; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4.3 ForcedCirculatingAirOven,capableofmaintainingthe
specified temperature.
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative extraction of all
types of leather with hexane. This test method does not apply 4.4 Electric Hot Plate.
to wet blue.
4.5 Extraction Thimbles, fat-free, cellulose, Alundum, or
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as fritted.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.6 Absorbent Cotton, fat-free.
standard.
4.7 Steam Bath.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Reagent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Hexane, ACS Reagent Grade conforming to the follow-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ing requirements:
5.1.1 Color (APHA)—10 max.
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.2 Density (g/mL) at 25°C—0.687 max.
2
5.1.3 Boiling Range—1 to 95 mL, not more than 4.0°C.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1.4 Residue After Evaporation—0.001 % max.
D2813 Practice for Sampling Leather for Physical and
5.1.5 Acidity(asCH COOH)—Topasstest(limit0.002 %).
Chemical Tests
3
D3790 Test Method for Volatile Matter (Moisture) of 5.1.6 Sulfur Compounds (as S)—0.005 % max.
Leather by Oven Drying 5.1.7 Thiophene—To pass test.
NOTE 1—This reagent grade hexane is generally a mixture of several
3. Significance and Use
isomers of hexane (C H ), predominantly n-hexane and methylcyclopen-
6 14
tane (C H ).
3.1 This test method measures the amount of hexane- 6 12
soluble lubricant present in all types of leather. Adequate
6. Test Specimens
lubrication prevents abrasion of leather fibers during flexing.
This lubrication is generally obtained from the fat liquor added
6.1 The leather shall be sampled in accordance with Method
at the tannery. Some lubrication is also obtained from natural
D2813. Leather test specimens shall be obtained from the
grease produced during the life of the animal.
composite sample prepared by random sampling, cutting, and
mixing equal portions of leather representing the lot that is
4. Apparatus
being analyzed. The well-mixed leather pieces shall be ground
4.1 Analytical Balance. in a mill (Wiley or equal) having a No. 5 (4-mm) sieve. The
ground leather that passes through this 4-mm sieve shall be
4.2 Soxhlet Apparatus, consisting of a boiling flask, extrac-
mixed well and used as the composite sample.
tion tube, and condenser.
7. Procedure
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather
7.1 Determinethemoisturecontentofthecompositesample
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.06 on Chemical Analysis.
from which the ground leather for hexane extraction is taken in
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally
accordance with Test Method D3790. Determine the weight of
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3495 – 00(2006).
DOI: 10.1520/D3495-10.
the ground leather taken from the composite sample for
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
moisture content at the same time and under the same ambient
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
conditions as the weight of the ground leather taken for hexane
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. extraction.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3495 − 10
7.2 Weigh5gofgroundleathertakenfromthecompositeto 10. Precision and Bias
the nearest 0.001 g and record this value as W . Loosely pack 3
1
10.1 Interlaboratory Test Data —An interlaboratory test
this material in an appropriately sized extraction thimble and
wasrunin1972inwhicheachof7laboratoriestestedduplicate
cover with a pad of fat-free cotton. Place the loaded thimble in
specimens from each of 15 different types of leather. All
the Soxhlet extraction tube. Dry an extraction flask in an oven
laboratories tested the following leathers: chamois, yellow
for1hat100 6 2°C, cool in a desiccator, and weigh to the
lace, crust sheepskin, crust goatskin, vegetable-strap leather,
nearest 0.00
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3495–00(Reapproved2006) Designation: D3495 – 10
Standard Test Method for
1
Hexane Extraction of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3495; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative extraction of all types of leather with hexane. This test method does not apply to
wet blue.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2813 Practice for Sampling Leather for Physical and Chemical Tests
D3790 Test Method for Volatile Matter (Moisture) of Leather by Oven Drying
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method measures the amount of hexane-soluble lubricant present in all types of leather. Adequate lubrication
prevents abrasion of leather fibers during flexing. This lubrication is generally obtained from the fat liquor added at the tannery.
Some lubrication is also obtained from natural grease produced during the life of the animal.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Analytical Balance.
4.2 Soxhlet Apparatus, consisting of a boiling flask, extraction tube, and condenser.
4.3 Forced Circulating Air Oven, capable of maintaining the specified temperature.
4.4 Electric Hot Plate.
4.5 Extraction Thimbles, fat-free, cellulose, Alundum, or fritted.
4.6 Absorbent Cotton, fat-free.
4.7 Steam Bath.
5. Reagent
5.1 Hexane, ACS Reagent Grade conforming to the following requirements:
5.1.1 Color (APHA)—10 max.
5.1.2 Density (g/mL) at 25°C—0.687 max.
5.1.3 Boiling Range—1 to 95 mL, not more than 4.0°C.
5.1.4 Residue After Evaporation—0.001 % max.
5.1.5 Acidity (as CH COOH) —To pass test (limit 0.002 %).
3
5.1.6 Sulfur Compounds (as S)—0.005 % max.
5.1.7 Thiophene—To pass test.
NOTE 1—This reagent grade hexane is generally a mixture of several isomers of hexane (C H ), predominantly n-hexane and methylcyclopentane
6 14
(C H ).
12
6
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.06 on Chemical Analysis.
Current edition approved AprilNov. 1, 2006.2010. Published April 2006.November 2010. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 as
D3495 – 00(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D3495-00R06.10.1520/D3495-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3495 – 10
6. Test Specimens
6.1 The leather shall be sampled in accordance with Method D2813. Leather test specimens shall be obtained from the
composite sample prepared by random sampling, cutting, and mixing equal portions of leather representing the lot that is being
analyzed.Thewell-mixedleatherpiecesshallbegroundinamill(Wileyorequal)havingaNo.5(4-mm)sieve.Thegroundleather
that passes through this 4-mm sieve shall be mixed well and used as the composite sample.
7. Procedure
7.1 Determine the moisture content of the composite sample from which the ground leather for hexane extraction is taken in
accordance with Test Method D3790. Determine the weight of the ground leather taken from the composite sample for moisture
content at the same time and under the same ambient conditions as the weight of the ground leather taken for hexane extraction.
7.2 Weigh5gof ground leather taken from the composite to the nearest 0.001 g and record this value as W . Loosely pack this
1
materialinanappropriatelysizedextractionthimbleandcoverwithapadoffat-freecotton.PlacetheloadedthimbleintheSoxhlet
extraction tube. Dry an extraction flask in an oven for1hat100 6 2°C, cool in a desiccator, and weig
...
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