ASTM D5449/D5449M-93(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22, and
5.1.4 Poisson’ratio, γ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5449/D5449M – 93 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound
Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
Materials
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination
trix Composite Materials
of transverse compressive properties.
D5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Properties
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
D5450/D5450M Test Method for Transverse Tensile Prop-
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
ders
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
standard.
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Sieves
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of a Lot or Process
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
2. Referenced Documents
ture
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ASTM Test Methods
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Resins
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
E1237 GuideforInstallingBondedResistanceStrainGages
tics
3. Terminology
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
D883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6defines
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5449/D5449M–93
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and
(2000). DOI: 10.1520/D5449_D5449M-93R06.
PracticeE177definestermsrelatingtostatistics.Intheeventof
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on precedence over other standards.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5449/D5449M – 93 (2006)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
3.2.1 winding—an entire part completed by one winding causes of high material data scatter in composites.
operation and then cured. 6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—Ahighpercentage
3.2.2 hoop wound, n—awindingofacylindricalcomponent of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
in which the filaments are circumferentially oriented. the test fixture, especially when combined with high material
3.2.3 specimen—a single part cut from a winding. Each data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
winding may yield several specimens. Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
−2 −1
3.2.4 transverse compressive modulus, E [MT L ], 6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
n—the compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate- mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
rial in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers. elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
uc −2 −1
3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, s , [MT L ], nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
n—the strength of a unidirectional material when a compres- asaresultofmisalignedgrips,misalignedspecimensinthetest
sive load is applied in the direction perpendicular to the fixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerance
reinforcing fibers. requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
uc
3.2.6 transverse compressive strain at failure, ´ [nd], discussed in 12.2.
n—thevalueofstrain,perpendiculartothereinforcingfibersin
7. Apparatus
a unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive load is
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within
0.025 6 0.010 mm [0.001 6 0.0004 in.] of the specimen inner
4. Summary of Test Method
and outer diameters. Flat anvil-type micrometer or calipers of
4.1 Athin-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm
similar resolution may be used for the overall specimen length
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5 ⁄2 in.] in length is bonded
and the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).
into two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly is
7.2 Compression Fixture—Thecompressionfixtureconsists
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in
of a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for these
compression while recording load.The transverse compressive
components and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.
strength can be determined from the maximum load carried
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, English
before failure. If the coupon strain is monitored with strain
unitsFig.3)iscircularwithaconcentriccircularhollowinone
gages then the stress-strain response, the compressive strain at
face,agroovealongthediameteroftheotherface,andacenter
failure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity, and
hole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicular
Poisson’s ratio can be derived.
to the groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed at
three radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes are
5. Significance and Use
threaded.Fouradditionalthreadedholesareplacedatthesame
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse
radial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90° intervals
compressive property data for material specifications, research starting 45° from the diameter that passes through the center
and development, quality assurance, and structural design and
groove.
analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive 7.2.2 Insert—Thefixtureinsertiscircularwithacenterhole
response and should therefore be reported are: material,
through the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English units Fig. 5).
method of material preparation, specimen preparation, speci- Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume
fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained
from this test method are:
uc
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, s ,
uc
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ´ ,
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E ,
and
5.1.4 Poisson’s ratio, g .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
usingthefollowingASTMstandardsymbologyforfundamentaldimensions,shown
within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for
thermodynamic temperature, and [ nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these
symbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthe FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture and
symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets. Specimen
D5449/D5449M – 93 (2006)
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in English Units
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in English
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:
Units
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
member.
shell. The set of four holes at 90° intervals are counterbored. 7.3.2 Movable Member.
The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell to 7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to the
form the concentric groove used to put the specimen in the load-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of the
fixture (Fig. 1). assembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of these
7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixture platens is coupled to the test machine with a swivel joint, that
are the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in is, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into a
standard test methods D5448/D5448M and D5450/D5450M. hemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.
D5449/D5449M – 93 (2006)
7.3.4 Drive Mechanism,forimpartingtothemovablemem- ingfibersshouldnotbeexposedordamagedduringthesurface
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should be
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6. consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom-
7.3.5 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha- mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop-
nism capable of showing the total compressive load carried by ment of a set of standard practices for strain-gage installation
the test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.
inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the 7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to
load within an accuracy of 61% of the actual value, or better. the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce
The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of
accordance with Practice E4. 350 V or higher are preferred. Additional considerations
7.3.6 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable should be given to the use of the minimum possible gage
member, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be excitation voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2
constructed of such materials and in such proportions that the V is recommended) to reduce further the power consumed by
total longitudinal deformation of the system contributed by the gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect the
these parts is minimized. performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain Gage Configuration
7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Load versus strain data shall indicated strain as a result of a difference between the gage
be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages. temperature compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal
Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The expansion of the coupon material.
specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the 7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some
axial and circumferential direction to determine Poisson’s
form of temperature compensation is recommended, even
Ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct
when testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature
for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall
compensationisrequiredwhentestinginnonambienttempera-
complywithTestMethodE251.Someguidelinesontheuseof
ture environments.
strain gages on composites are presented as follows.Ageneral
7.4.4 Transverse Sensitivity—Consideration should be
reference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.
given to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of
The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-
fiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 can
mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects on
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-
composites. This is particularly important for a transversely
forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc-
mounted gage used to determine Poisson’s ratio.
7.5 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials
at nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-
Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance Foil Strain Gage Technology as
trolled environment conditioning chamber is required which
Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March
1984, pp. 54–64; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, January 1986, pp. 153–154. shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to
D5449/D5449M – 93 (2006)
within 63°C [65°F] and the required relative vapor level to 11.2 General Instructions:
within 63%.Chamberconditionsshallbemonitoredeitheron
11.2.1 Any deviation from this test method shall be re-
an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regu
...
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