ASTM G115-10(2013)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.
1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to most friction measuring techniques and test equipment.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: G115 − 10 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2047 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of
Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection
James Machine
of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materi-
D2394 Test Methods for Simulated ServiceTesting ofWood
als. Requirements for minimum data and a format for present-
and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
ingthesedataaresuggested.Theuseofthesuggestedreporting
D2534 Test Method for Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for
form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results
Wax Coatings
within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of
D2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the
test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a
Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine
uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the prepa-
ration of handbooks and computerized databases. D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn to Solid
Material
1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to most
D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn toYarn
friction measuring techniques and test equipment.
D3702 Test Method for Wear Rate and Coefficient of Fric-
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
tion of Materials in Self-Lubricated Rubbing Contact
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Using a Thrust Washer Testing Machine
standard.
D4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Coefficient of Friction Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4917 Test Method for Coefficient of Static and Kinetic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
FrictionofUncoatedWritingandPrintingPaperbyUseof
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the Horizontal Plane Method (Withdrawn 2010)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4918 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction of
Uncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use of the
2. Referenced Documents
Inclined Plane Method (Withdrawn 2010)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5183 Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of
C808 Guide for Reporting Friction and Wear Test Results of
Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test
Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Bearing and Seal
Machine
Materials
D6425 Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Prop-
C1028 TestMethodforDeterminingtheStaticCoefficientof
erties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using
Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the
SRV Test Machine
Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
2014)
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
Lot or Process
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
E303 Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Proper-
ties Using the British Pendulum Tester
E670 Test Method for Testing Side Force Friction on Paved
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
Surfaces Using the Mu-Meter
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
E1911 Test Method for Measuring Paved Surface Frictional
approved in 1993. Last previous edition was approved in 2010 as G115–10. DOI:
Properties Using the Dynamic Friction Tester
10.1520/G0115-10R13.
2 E2100 Practice for Calculating the International Runway
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Friction Index
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E2101 Test Method for Measuring the Frictional Properties
the ASTM website.
3 of Winter Contaminated Pavement Surfaces Using an
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Averaging-Type Spot Measuring Decelerometer
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G115 − 10 (2013)
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 Current ASTM International friction test standards are
tabulated in this guide so that users can review available test
methods and determine which method may be most applicable
for a particular application. Any of the listed tests or other
accepted test may be used. General friction testing precautions
are cited and a prescribed method of recording friction data is
recommended.Thisguideisintendedtopromotetheuseofthis
standard reporting system and standard friction test methods.
4.2 The use of one of the test methods (Table 1) cited in this
FIG. 1 Typical Force versus Distance Behavior for a System that
guide will give assurance of a testing procedure that has been
Exhibits Stick-Slip Behavior
agreed-to for a particular application. In addition, it is impor-
tant to keep in mind that friction is a system property. The
coefficient of friction of polystyrene on mild steel measured on
F609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter
a sled test (Test Method D1894) will probably be different than
(HPS)
the coefficient of the same couple measured on a block-on-ring
F695 Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Mea-
tester (Test Method G176) since the coeffıcient of friction is a
surement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, and
system effect.
Related Materials
4.3 Data developed by others can be useful if sufficient
F732 Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric Materials
informationispresentedtocharacterizethetribosystemusedin
Used in Total Joint Prostheses
testing. Conformance with this guide in testing and reporting
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
should produce data that can be reviewed for applicability to a
G77 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to
particular tribosystem.
Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
G99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk
5. Significance and Use
Apparatus
G133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in con-
Sliding Wear
ducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of
G137 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Mate-
friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard
rials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configura-
reporting format for friction data is encouraged.
tion
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be
G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction
obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced
Characteristics
will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is
G163 Guide for Digital Data Acquisition in Wear and
most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.
Friction Measurements
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that
G164 Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication
cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not
on Flexible Webs
presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data.
G176 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastics to
The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format
Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test—
that will enable computer databases to be readily established.
Cumulative Wear Method
These databases can be searched for material couples and
G181 Test Method for Conducting Friction Tests of Piston
tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the
Ring and Cylinder Liner Materials Under Lubricated
need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient
Conditions
information on test conditions will be available to determine
G182 Test Method for Determination of the Breakaway
applicability of the friction data to the engineer’s specific
Friction Characteristics of Rolling Element Bearings
needs.
G194 Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Charac-
teristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Any of the devices shown schematically in Table 1 can
3.1 For definitions relating to frictional properties of be used to measure the friction forces in a sliding system.Wear
materials, refer to Terminology G40. test machines are often equipped with sensors to measure
friction forces also. The appropriate device to use is the one
3.2 Definitions:
that closely simulates a tribosystem of interest.
3.2.1 stick-slip, n—relaxation oscillation usually associated
with a decrease in the coefficient of friction as the relative 6.2 The key part of simulating a tribosystem is to use
velocity increases. specimen geometries that resemble the components in the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The usual manifestation is a cycling system of interest. A continuous sliding system needs to be
decreaseandsubsequentincreaseinthefrictionforceassliding simulated by a continuous friction test; a reciprocating system
proceeds (Fig. 1). needs to be simulated by a reciprocating test. Entry geometry
G115 − 10 (2013)
TABLE 1 ASTM Friction Tests and Applicable Materials
Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test Configuration
C808/D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Guide for Reporting Friction and Wear Carbon versus other mate-
Graphite Products Test Results of Manufactured Carbon rials
any
and Graphite Bearing and Seal Materi- (µ and µ )
s k
als
C1028/C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Re- Test Method for Determining the Static Static COF wet and dry
lated Products Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile
and Other Like Surfaces by the Hori-
zontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter
Method
D1894/D20 on Plastics Test Method for Static and Kinetic Co- Plastic film versus stiff or
efficients of Friction of Plastic Film and other solids
Sheeting (µ and µ )
s k
D2047/D21 on Polishes Test Method for Static Coefficient of Walking materials versus
Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Sur- shoe heels and soles
faces as Measured by the James Ma- (µ and µ )
s k
chine
D2394/D07 on Wood Test Methods for Simulated Service Wood and wood base
Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Fin- flooring versus sole leather
ish Flooring (µ and µ )
s k
D2534/D02 on Petroleum Products and Lu- Test Method for Coefficient of Kinetic Kinetic coefficient of fric-
bricants Friction for Wax Coatings tion
G115 − 10 (2013)
TABLE 1 Continued
Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test Configuration
D2714/D02 on Petroleum Products and Lu- Test Method for Calibration and Opera- Steel ring versus steel
bricants tion of the Falex Block-on-Ring Friction block (lubricated with stan-
and Wear Testing Machine dard oil)
(µ )
k
D3108/D13 on Textiles Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Textile yarn versus solids
Yarn to Solid Material (µ )
k
D3412/D13 on Textiles Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Continuous filament and
Yarn to Yarn spun yarns self-mated
(µ and µ )
s k
D3702/D02 on Petroleum Products and Lu- Test Method for Wear Rate and Coeffi- Kinetic COF
bricants cient of Friction of Materials in Self-
Lubricated Rubbing Contact Using a
Thrust Washer Testing Machine
D4103/D21 on Polishes Practice for Preparation of Substrate Vinyl and wood tiles
Surfaces for Coefficient of Friction Test- (preparation) any
ing
G115 − 10 (2013)
TABLE 1 Continued
Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test Configuration
D4917/D06 on Paper and Paper Products Test Method for Coefficient of Static µ and µ
s k
and Kinetic Friction of Uncoated Writ-
ing and Printing Paper by Use of the
Horizontal Plane Method
D4918/D06 on Paper and Paper Products Test Method for Coefficient of Static Static COF
Friction of Uncoated Writing and Print-
ing Paper by Use of the Inclined Plane
Method
D5183/D02 on Petroleum Products and Lu- Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of force for
bricants Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Us- each increment of 10 kgf
ing the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
D6425/D02 on Petroleum Products and Lu- Test Method for Measuring Friction and Coefficient of friction for
bricants Wear Properties of Extreme Pressure test (min, max, and at in-
(EP) Lubricating Oils Using SRV Test crements throughout the
Machine test)
E303/E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems Test Method for Measuring Surface Rubber versus pavement
Frictional Properties Using the British (BPN British Pendulum
Pendulum Tester Number)
G115 − 10 (2013)
TABLE 1 Continued
Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test Configuration
E670/E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems Test Method for Testing Side Force Tires versus pavement
Friction on Paved Surfaces Using the Mu Number (F dry − F
Mu-Meter wet)
E1911/E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems Test Method for Measuring Paved Sur- Dynamic friction numbers
face Frictional Properties Using the (DNF) at 12, 24, 36, and
Dynamic Friction Tester 48 mph
E2100/E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems Practice for Calculating the Interna- Friction index for snow on
tional Runway Friction Index a runway
E2101/E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems Test Method for Measuring the Friction Friction index for pave-
Properties of Winter Contaminated ment
Pavement Surfaces Using an
Averaging-Type Spot Measuring Decel-
erometer
F609/F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Footwear materials versus Same as D2047
Footwear Slipmeter (HPS) walking surfaces
(µ )
s
F695/F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Practice for Ranking of Test Data Ob- Footwear materials versus
Footwear tained for Measurement of Slip Resis- walking surfaces (reliable
tance of Footwear Sole, Heel, and Re- ranking of footwear for slip Same as D2047
lated Materials resistance)
(µ )
k
G115 − 10 (2013)
TABLE 1 Continued
Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test Configuration
F732/F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials Test Method for Wear Testing of Poly- Materials for human joints
and Devices meric Materials Used in Total Joint (µ )
k
Prostheses
G77/G02 on Wear and Erosion Test
...
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