ASTM D2281-10(2024)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents using the skein test. It is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses. The apparatus is comprised of a hook of standard weight depending on the concentration of the wetting agents and an anchor which shall be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug of specific dimensions. The reagents shall consist of water, acid and base test solutions, and wetting agent. The average of at least four determinations of the sinking time for each concentration of wetting agent shall be obtained and presented in plots with logarithmic coordinates. Standard deviation based on six replicate determinations shall also be calculated for precision.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2,3 covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2281 − 10 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope dissolved in water. The time required for the cotton skein to
2,3
wet through and sink, relaxing the string stirrup to which it is
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
attached will be recorded as the sinking time. This time relates
efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in
to the speed at which the wetting agent works and can be used
Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under
to compare agents.
limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily
yield information correlating with specific end uses.
4. Apparatus
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 Hook and Anchor:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4.1.1 The hook of a standard weight and the attached anchor
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
shall be prepared as follows: Bend a piece of No. 10 B&S
and are not considered standard.
gauge copper wire about 2 ⁄16 in. (14.1 mm) long into the form
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a hook as illustrated by A in Fig. 1 and then adjust the weight
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the bent hook to exactly 3.0 g. Nickel, silver, and stainless
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
steel wire are even more suitable than copper for this purpose
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
because they are more corrosion resistant. The anchor, C, shall
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 g
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and shall have a diameter of 1 in. (25 mm) and a thickness of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
about ⁄16 in. (4.7 mm). In the center of the anchor solder a loop
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of wire to serve as a small ring, or eye, for attaching the anchor
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to the hook with a fine linen thread, B, at a distance apart of ⁄4
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
in. (19 mm). If many products are to be tested, prepare at least
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
two hooks and anchors.
4.1.2 In the comparison of wetting agents a trial must be run
2. Referenced Documents
to determine the surfactant concentration to give a meaningful
2.1 ASTM Standards:
result for sinking times between 1 min or less.
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
5. Test Skein
3. Summary of Test Method
5.1 Test skeins for running the wetting evaluation can be
3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tall
purchased from an appropriate supplier. A Draves 40/2, 5 g
cylinder containing a wetting agent of known concentration
cotton skein is used for this testing method.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
6. Reagents
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on
Physical Testing.
6.1 Water—The quality of the water used in the testing of
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2024. Originally
wetting agents must be given careful consideration. The stock
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2281 – 10 (2016).
solution is best prepared with distilled or deionized water.
DOI: 10.1520/D2281-10R24.
This test method is based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and When it is not known under what conditions the wetting agent
Colorists Technical Manual, Test Methods—Physical Properties, Wetting Agents,
is to be employed, distilled or deionized water may likewise be
Evaluation of, Standard Test Method 17 – 1952, Vol XXXIX, 1963, pp. B-133-B-
used for final solution.
135, which is also American National Standard L 14.11 – 1956 of the American
National Standards Institute.
Draves, C. Z., and Clarkson, R. G., “A New Method for the Evaluation of
Wetting Agents,” American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol 20, 1931, pp. 201–208. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
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