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ASTM D1043-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test

Standard Test Method for Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The property measured by this test is the apparent modulus of rigidity, G, sometimes called the apparent shear modulus of elasticity. It is important to note that this property is not the same as the modulus of elasticity, E, measured in tension, flexure, or compression. The relationship between these properties is shown in Annex A1.
The measured modulus of rigidity is termed “apparent” since it is the value obtained by measuring the angular deflection occurring when the specimen is subjected to an applied torque. Since it is possible that the specimen will be deflected beyond its elastic limit, the calculated value will not always represent the true modulus of rigidity within the elastic limit of the material. In addition, the value obtained by this test method will also be affected by the creep characteristics of the material, since the load application time is arbitrarily fixed. For many materials, it is possible that there is a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the current ASTM material standards.
This test method is useful for determining the relative changes in stiffness over a wide range of temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness characteristics of plastics over a wide temperature range by direct measurement of the apparent modulus of rigidity.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—This test method and ISO 458-1 and ISO 458-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2010
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1043-09 - Standard Test Method for Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D1043-16 - Standard Test Method for Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test
Effective Date
01-Sep-2016
Referred By
ASTM D2647-18 - Standard Specification for Crosslinkable Ethylene Plastics
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1043 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of
1
Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1043; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiff- 4.1 The property measured by this test is the apparent
ness characteristics of plastics over a wide temperature range modulus of rigidity, G, sometimes called the apparent shear
by direct measurement of the apparent modulus of rigidity. modulus of elasticity. It is important to note that this property
is not the same as the modulus of elasticity, E, measured in
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tension, flexure, or compression. The relationship between
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
these properties is shown in Annex A1.
only.
4.2 The measured modulus of rigidity is termed “apparent”
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
since it is the value obtained by measuring the angular
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
deflection occurring when the specimen is subjected to an
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applied torque. Since it is possible that the specimen will be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
deflected beyond its elastic limit, the calculated value will not
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
always represent the true modulus of rigidity within the elastic
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO458-1 and ISO458-2 address the
limitofthematerial.Inaddition,thevalueobtainedbythistest
same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
method will also be affected by the creep characteristics of the
material,sincetheloadapplicationtimeisarbitrarilyfixed.For
2. Referenced Documents
many materials, it is possible that there is a specification that
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
modifications that take precedence when adhering to the
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
D747Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plas-
specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classi-
tics by Means of a Cantilever Beam
fication D4000 lists the current ASTM material standards.
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
4.3 This test method is useful for determining the relative
D1053Test Methods for Rubber Property—Stiffening at
changes in stiffness over a wide range of temperatures.
LowTemperatures:FlexiblePolymersandCoatedFabrics
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
5. Apparatus
als
5.1 Testing Machine—A machine capable of exerting a
torque sufficient to deflect a test specimen in the range of 5 to
3. Terminology
100° of arc, depending on the stiffness of the specimen and its
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of the technical terms per-
span. A schematic diagram of a suitable machine is shown in
taining to plastics used in this test method, see Terminology
Fig. 1.
D883.
NOTE 2—Two machines of different torque capacities are being used:
one covers the range of approximately 0.0113 to 0.113 N·m (0.1 to 1.0
in.·lbf)andtheotherofapproximately0.113to1.81N·m(1.0to16in.·lbf)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
orhigher.Somemachinesalsoallowvaryingthespan,whichisespecially
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
importantifshearingfailurescanoccur(asinlaminatesataspan/widthof
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally
6).
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1043-09. DOI:
NOTE 3—It is acceptable to vary the amount of torque to suit the
10.1520/D1043-10.
2
stiffness of the test specimen, and it is necessary to have various weights
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
available for this purpose. Determine the actual amount of torque being
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on appliedbyanygivencombinationofweights,torquewheelradii,andshaft
the ASTM website. bearings by calibration. The accuracy of the apparatus can be subject to
*A Summary of Changes section appears at
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1043–09 Designation: D1043 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a Function of
1
Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1043; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness characteristics of plastics over a wide temperature range by direct
measurement of the apparent modulus of rigidity.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO458-1 and ISO458-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1053 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyStiffening at Low Temperatures: Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of the technical terms pertaining to plastics used in this test method, see Terminology D883.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The property measured by this test is the apparent modulus of rigidity, G, sometimes called the apparent shear modulus of
elasticity. It is important to note that this property is not the same as the modulus of elasticity, E, measured in tension, flexure, or
compression. The relationship between these properties is shown in Annex A1.
4.2 The measured modulus of rigidity is termed “apparent” since it is the value obtained by measuring the angular deflection
occurring when the specimen is subjected to an applied torque. Since it is possible that the specimen will be deflected beyond its
elastic limit, the calculated value will not always represent the true modulus of rigidity within the elastic limit of the material. In
addition, the value obtained by this test method will also be affected by the creep characteristics of the material, since the load
application time is arbitrarily fixed. For many materials, it is possible that there is a specification that requires the use of this test
method,butwithsomeproceduralmodificationsthattakeprecedencewhenadheringtothespecification.Therefore,itisadvisable
torefertothatmaterialspecificationbeforeusingthistestmethod.Table1inClassificationD4000liststhecurrentASTMmaterial
standards.
4.3 This test method is useful for determining the relative changes in stiffness over a wide range of temperatures.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine—Amachine capable of exerting a torque sufficient to deflect a test specimen in the range of 5 to 100° of
arc, depending on the stiffness of the specimen and its span. A schematic diagram of a suitable machine is shown in Fig. 1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Sept.April 1, 2009.2010. Published September 2009.April 2010. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 as
D1043-029. DOI: 10.1520/D1043-109.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1043 – 10
FIG. 1 Torsion Tester
NOTE 2—Two machines of different torque capacities are being used: one covers the range of approximately 0.0113 to 0.113 N·m (0.1 to 1.0 in.·lbf)
and the othe
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 4.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri...

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ASTM
ASTM D2863-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.  
1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.  
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).    
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.  
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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