ASTM D445-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D445 − 24
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
nation of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η,
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by
in their location.
the density, ρ, of the liquid.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
behavior, have been included.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 2
method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1)
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
precision section.
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
2
viscosity is mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
2
dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s =
eter
-6 2
10 m /s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
3
Pycnometer (Withdrawn 2023)
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D445 – 23. DOI: The last approved versio
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D445 − 23 D445 − 24
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both
transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity
varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been
included.
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1) at all
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is
2 2 -6 2
mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s = 10 m /s = 1 cSt
and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07
on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023April 1, 2024. Published November 2023April 2024. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 20212023 as
ɛ2
D445 – 21D445 – 23. . DOI: 10.1520/D0445-23.10.1520/D0445-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D445 − 24
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Material
...
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