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ASTM D5269-96(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method

Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity of a confined aquifer. This test method is used to analyze data from the recovery of water levels following pumping or injection of water to or from a control well at a constant rate.
1.2 The analytical procedure given in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D 4050.
1.3 LimitationsThe valid use of the Theis recovery method is limited to determination of transmissivities for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis theory (see 5.1).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-1996
ICS
93.160 - Hydraulic construction
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5269-96 - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
Effective Date
10-Oct-1996
Replaced By
ASTM D5269-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
Effective Date
15-Sep-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4043-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
Effective Date
10-Oct-1996
Referred By
ASTM E1943-98(2015) - Standard Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
Effective Date
10-Oct-1996
Referred By
ASTM D653-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Effective Date
10-Oct-1996
Referred By
ASTM D6000/D6000M-15e1 - Standard Guide for Presentation of Water-Level Information from Groundwater Sites
Effective Date
10-Oct-1996

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ASTM D5269-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery MethodASTM D5269-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
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ASTM D5269-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5269 – 96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers
1
by the Theis Recovery Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5269; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4106 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-
ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for
2
Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
determining the transmissivity of a confined aquifer. This test
D4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
method is used to analyze data from the recovery of water
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
levels following pumping or injection of water to or from a
2
Well)
control well at a constant rate.
1.2 The analytical procedure given in this test method is
3. Terminology
used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
D4050.
3.1.1 aquifer, confined—an aquifer bounded above and
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Theis recovery
below by confining beds and in which the static head is above
method is limited to determination of transmissivities for
the top of the aquifer.
aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspon-
3.1.2 confining bed—a hydrogeologic unit of less perme-
dence to the assumptions of the Theis theory (see 5.1).
able material bounding one or more aquifers.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 control well—a well by which the aquifer is stressed,
standard.
for example, by pumping, injection, or change of head.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 drawdown—vertical distance the static head is low-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ered due to the removal of water.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 hydraulic conductivity (field aquifer tests)—the vol-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
umeofwaterattheexistingkinematicviscositythatwillmove
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in a unit time under unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area
2. Referenced Documents measured at right angles to the direction of flow.
3.1.6 observation well—a well open to all or part of an
2.1 ASTM Standards:
aquifer.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock and Contained
2
3.1.7 piezometer—a device used to measure head at a point
Fluids
in the subsurface.
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method in
2
3.1.8 residual drawdown—The difference between the pro-
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
jected prepumping water-level trend and the water level in a
D4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and
well or piezometer after pumping or injection has stopped.
Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties
2 3.1.9 specific storage—the volume of water released from
of Aquifer Systems
ortakenintostorageperunitvolumeoftheporousmediumper
D4105 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-
unit change in head.
ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky
3.1.10 step-drawdown test—atestinwhichacontrolwellis
Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium
2
pumped at constant rates in “steps” of increasing discharge.
Method
Each step is approximately equal in duration, although the last
step may be prolonged.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
3.1.11 storage coeffıcient—the volume of water an aquifer
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.21onGroundWaterand
Vadose Zone Investigations. releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the
Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published June 1997. Originally
aquifer per unit change in head. For a confined aquifer it is
published as D5269–92.
equal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 5269 – 96 (2002)
2y
For an unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is approxi-
Q ` e
s 5 dy (1)
*
mately equal to the specific yield. 4pT y
u
3.1.12 transmissivity—the volume of water of the prevail-
ingkinematicviscositytransmittedinaunittimethroughaunit
and:
width of the aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient.
2
r S
3.2 Symbols:Symbols and Dimensions:
u 5 (2)
4Tt
3.2.1 b [L]—aquifer thickness.
−1
3.2.2 K [LT ]—hydraulic conductivity.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
...

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ASTM D4106-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and aerially extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
5.2.3.2 Reduction in Aquifer Thickness—In an unconfined aquifer dewatering occurs when the water levels decline in the vicinity of a pumping well. Corrections in drawdown need to be made when the drawdown is a significant fraction of the aquifer thickness as shown by Jacob (5). The drawdown, s, needs to be replaced by s′, the drawdown that would occur in an equivalent confined aquifer, where:
5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at and beyond a distance, r, from the control well, where:
After the time, t, as given in Eq 9 from Neuman (6).
     where:
  Sy  =  the specific yield. For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 8 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 9.    
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1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice for determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1).  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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ASTM D6034-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining the Efficiency of a Production Well in a Confined Aquifer from a Constant Rate Pumping Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows the user to compute the true hydraulic efficiency of a pumped well in a confined aquifer from a constant rate pumping field test. The procedures described constitute the only valid method of determining well efficiency. Some practitioners have confused well efficiency with percentage of head loss associated with laminar flow, a parameter commonly determined from a step-drawdown test. Well efficiency, however, cannot be determined from a step-drawdown test but only can be determined from a constant rate test.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter.  
5.2.3 Data are obtained from the control well and, if available, a number of observation wells.  
5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous, and extensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively.  
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1.2 This analytical practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure, Test Method D4050.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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ASTM D4105/D4105M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer, that is, the well is open to the full thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Nonequilibrium Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
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ASTM D5785/D5785M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Test)

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6.1 The assumptions of the physical system are given as follows:  
6.1.1 The aquifer is of uniform thickness and confined by impermeable beds above and below.  
6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and matrix compressibility and of homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity.  
6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer.  
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6.2 The assumptions made in defining the momentum balance are as follows:  
6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approximately constant over the well-bore section.  
6.2.2 Flow is laminar and frictional head losses from flow across the well screen are negligible.  
6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed over the entire aquifer thickness.  
6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity changing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the well are negligible.  
6.2.5 The system response is an exponentially decaying sinusoidal function.
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1.4 This practice for analysis presented here is derived by van der Kamp (1)2 based on an approximation of the underdamped response to that of an exponentially damped sinusoid. A more rigorous analysis of the response of wells to a sudden change in water level by Kipp (2) indicates that the method presented by van der Kamp (1) matches the solution of Kipp (2) when the damping parameter values are less than about 0.2 and time greater than that of the first peak of the oscillation (2).  
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Standard Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Drawdown Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems

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5.1 Constant drawdown test procedures are used with appropriate analytical procedures to determine transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storage coefficient of aquifers.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors: Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods for controlling drawdown and measuring discharge rates and head to analyze the hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers.  
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1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures for determining hydraulic properties of aquifer systems are selected as described in Guide D4043.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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ASTM D5269-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for analyzing data on the recovery of water levels following pumping or injection of water to or from a control well at a constant rate. The analytical procedure given in this test method along with several others is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 The well discharges at a constant rate, Q, or at steps of constant rate Q1, Q2 ... Qn.  
5.2.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and is open through the full thickness of the aquifer.  
5.2.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and extensive in area.  
5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.2.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well are shown in Fig. 1.  
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.3.1 Implicit in the assumptions are the conditions of radial flow. Vertical flow components are induced by a control well that partially penetrates the aquifer, that is, not open to the aquifer through the full thickness of the aquifer. If vertical flow components are significant, the nearest partially penetrating observation well should be located at a distance, r, beyond which vertical flow components are negligible. See 5.3.1 of Test Method D4106 for assistance in determining the minimum distance to partially penetrating observation wells and piezometers.  
5.3.2 The Theis method assumes the control well is of infinitesimal diameter. The storage in the control well may adversely affect drawdown measurements obtained in the early part of the test. See 5.3.2 of Test Method D4106 for assistance in determining the duration of the effects of well-bore storage on drawdown.  
5.3.3 Application of Theis Recovery Method for Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.3.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if (A) drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity of a confined aquifer. This test method is used to analyze data from the recovery of water levels following pumping or injection of water to or from a control well at a constant rate.  
1.2 The analytical procedure given in this test method, along with several others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050. Guide D4043 provides information for determining hydraulic properties.  
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Theis recovery method is limited to determination of transmissivities for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings reasonably corresponding to the assumptions of the Theis theory (see 5.2).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM D6034-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining the Efficiency of a Production Well in a Confined Aquifer from a Constant Rate Pumping Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows the user to compute the true hydraulic efficiency of a pumped well in a confined aquifer from a constant rate pumping field test. The procedures described constitute the only valid method of determining well efficiency. Some practitioners have confused well efficiency with percentage of head loss associated with laminar flow, a parameter commonly determined from a step-drawdown test. Well efficiency, however, cannot be determined from a step-drawdown test but only can be determined from a constant rate test.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter.  
5.2.3 Data are obtained from the control well and, if available, a number of observation wells.  
5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous, and extensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively.  
5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.3 Calculation Requirements—For the special case of partially penetrating wells, application of this practice may be computationally intensive. The function fs shown in Eq 6 should be evaluated using arbitrary input parameters. It is not practical to use existing, somewhat limited, tables of values for fs and, because this equation is rather formidable, it may not be tractable by hand. Because of this, it is assumed the practitioner using this practice will have available a computerized procedure for evaluating the function fs. This can be accomplished using commercially available mathematical software including some spreadsheet applications. If calculating fs is not practical, it is recommended to substitute the Kozeny equation for the Hantush equation as previously described.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability o...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes an analytical procedure for determining the hydraulic efficiency of a production well in a confined aquifer. It involves comparing the actual drawdown in the well to the theoretical minimum drawdown achievable and is based upon data and aquifer coefficients obtained from a constant rate pumping test.  
1.2 This analytical practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure, Test Method D4050.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.  
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of well efficiency are related primarily to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and round established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported date to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to ...

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ASTM
ASTM D4106-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and aerially extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
5.2.3.2 Reduction in Aquifer Thickness—In an unconfined aquifer dewatering occurs when the water levels decline in the vicinity of a pumping well. Corrections in drawdown need to be made when the drawdown is a significant fraction of the aquifer thickness as shown by Jacob (5). The drawdown, s, needs to be replaced by s′, the drawdown that would occur in an equivalent confined aquifer, where:
5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at and beyond a distance, r, from the control well, where:
After the time, t, as given in Eq 9 from Neuman (6).
     where:
  Sy  =  the specific yield. For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 8 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 9.    
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the co...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on water-level response collected during radial flow to or from a well of constant discharge or injection.  
1.2 This analytical procedure, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice for determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1).  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many ...

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ASTM
ASTM D4105/D4105M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer, that is, the well is open to the full thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Nonequilibrium Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
5.2.3.2 Reduction in Aquifer Thickness—In an unconfined aquifer, dewatering occurs when the water levels decline in the vicinity of a pumping well. Corrections in drawdown need to be made when the drawdown is a significant fraction of the aquifer thickness as shown by Jacob (8). The drawdown, s, needs to be replaced by s′, the drawdown that would occur in an equivalent confined aquifer, where:
5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at a distance, r, from the control well, where:
after the time, t, as given in the following equation from Neuman (9):
     where:
  Sy  =  the specific yield.  
For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 11 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 12.
Note ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky confined aquifer under conditions of radial flow to a fully penetrating well of constant flux. This practice is a shortcut procedure used to apply the Theis nonequilibrium method. The Theis method is described in Practice D4106.  
1.2 This practice, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1). Furthermore, application is valid only for values of u less than 0.01 (u is defined in Eq 2, in 8.6).  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with...

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ASTM
ASTM D5785/D5785M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The assumptions of the physical system are given as follows:  
6.1.1 The aquifer is of uniform thickness and confined by impermeable beds above and below.  
6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and matrix compressibility and of homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity.  
6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer.  
6.1.4 The aquifer is fully screened.  
6.2 The assumptions made in defining the momentum balance are as follows:  
6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approximately constant over the well-bore section.  
6.2.2 Flow is laminar and frictional head losses from flow across the well screen are negligible.  
6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed over the entire aquifer thickness.  
6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity changing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the well are negligible.  
6.2.5 The system response is an exponentially decaying sinusoidal function.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers determination of transmissivity from the measurement of the damped oscillation about the equilibrium water level of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Underdamped response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by oscillatory fluctuation about the static water level with a decrease in the magnitude of fluctuation and recovery to initial water level. Underdamped response may occur in wells tapping highly transmissive confined aquifers and in deep wells having long water columns.  
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure Test Method D4044/D4044M for collection of test data.  
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity of a confined aquifer. This test method requires that the storage coefficient be known. Assumptions of this practice prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), but the slug test method is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well. The method assumes laminar flow and is applicable for a slug test in which the initial water-level displacement is less than 0.1 or 0.2 of the length of the static water column.  
1.4 This practice for analysis presented here is derived by van der Kamp (1)2 based on an approximation of the underdamped response to that of an exponentially damped sinusoid. A more rigorous analysis of the response of wells to a sudden change in water level by Kipp (2) indicates that the method presented by van der Kamp (1) matches the solution of Kipp (2) when the damping parameter values are less than about 0.2 and time greater than that of the first peak of the oscillation (2).  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independe...

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