ASTM D49-83(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Chemical Analysis of Red Lead
Standard Test Methods of Chemical Analysis of Red Lead
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of red lead having the approximate formula Pb3O4 (probably PbO2·2PbO). The pigment sample shall be ground to fine powder (if lumpy or not finely ground) and shall be thoroughly mixed before taking portions for analysis. Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. The methods of determining moisture, organic coloring matter, and total lead and insoluble matter contents are given. The solutions required for the chemical analysis of lead peroxide (lead dioxide) and true red lead (tetra lead oxide) includes red lead solution, sodium thiosulfate solution, and starch solution. The formula for calculating the contents of lead peroxide and true red lead, and the procedures for determining the amounts of zinc, matter soluble in water, total silica, carbon dioxide, soluble sulfates, and iron oxide are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of red lead having the approximate formula Pb3O4 (probably PbO2·2PbO).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D49 − 83 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods of
Chemical Analysis of Red Lead
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD49;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope thoroughly mixed and a representative portion taken and
powdered if lumpy or not finely ground. The sample in all
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical
cases shall be thoroughly mixed before taking portions for
analysis of red lead having the approximate formula Pb O
3 4
analysis.All samples shall be preserved in stoppered bottles or
(probably PbO ·2PbO).
containers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Purity of Reagents
standard.
4.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagentsshall
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Reagents of the American Chemical Society where such
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specifications are available. Other grades may be used pro-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
2. Referenced Documents
the determination.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be
D50TestMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofYellow,Orange,
understood to mean reagent water conforming to Type II of
Red, and Brown Pigments Containing Iron and Manga-
Specification D1193.
nese
D215Practice for the Chemical Analysis of White Linseed
5. Moisture
Oil Paints (Withdrawn 2005)
5.1 Determine moisture content with a 2-g specimen in
D280Test Methods for Hygroscopic Moisture (and Other
accordance with Method A of Test Methods D280. The
Matter Volatile Under the Test Conditions) in Pigments
specimen is dried for2hat 105°C. The loss in weight is
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
considered as moisture.
D1208Test Methods for Common Properties of Certain
Pigments
6. Organic Color
D1301Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of White Lead
6.1 Boil2gofthesamplewith25mLof95%ethylalcohol,
Pigments
letsettle,decantthesupernatantliquid;boiltheresiduewith25
D1959Test Method for Iodine Value of Drying Oils and
mL of distilled water and decant as before; boil the residue
Fatty Acids (Withdrawn 2006)
with 25 mL of diluted NH OH (1+4) and again decant. Boil
3. Treatment of Sample
another 2-g portion of the sample with 25 mL of chloroform,
let settle, and decant the supernatant liquid. If any one of the
3.1 If the pigment is lumpy or not finely ground, grind it to
a fine powder and mix thoroughly. Large samples may be abovesolutionsiscolored,organiccoloringmatterisindicated.
If the solutions remain colorless, organic colors are probably
absent.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
NOTE 1—If it is desired to test for organic colors resistant to the above
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
reagents, the test procedures described in the following books may be
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
ε1
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D49–83(2008 ).
DOI: 10.1520/D0049-83R0814.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
the ASTM website. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
www.astm.org. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D49 − 83 (2014)
used, taking into account the nature of the pigment involved (1,2,3).
8.1 Solutions Required: (a) Red Lead Solution—Dissolve in
1-Lbeaker 600 g of crystallized sodiumacetate and 48 g of KI
7. Total Lead and Insoluble Matter
in about 500 mL of acetic acid (1+3) (made by mixing 150
7.1 Treat1gofthesamplewith15mLofHNO (1+1)and
mL of glacial acetic acid with 450 mL of water). Warm the
sufficient H O to dissolve all PbO on warming. If any
beakerandcontentsonasteambath,stirringoccasionally,until
2 2 2
insolublematterispresent,add25mLofwater,boil,filter,and
a clear solution is obtained. Cool this solution to room
wash with hot water. The insoluble matter contains free SiO
temperature, dilute to exactly 1000 mL with the acetic acid
and should be examined for BaSO and silicates, if appre-
4 (1+3) and mix thoroughly. If preferred, the red lead solution
ciable.
may be prepared separately for each titration, as follows:
Dissolve30gofthecrystallizedsodiumacetateand2.4gofKI
7.2 To the original solution or filtrate from the insoluble
in25mLoftheaceticacid(1+3),warminggentlyandstirring
matter add 20 mLof H SO (sp gr 1.84) and evaporate to SO
2 4 3
until a clear solution is obtained. Cool this solution to room
fumes. Cool, add 150 mLof water, and 150 mLof 95% ethyl
temperature, dilute to 50 mL with the acetic acid solution
alcohol,letstand coldfor2h,filter,onaGoochcrucible,wash
(1+3), and mix thoroughly.
with 95% alcohol, dry at 105 to 110°C, and weigh as PbSO .
Calculate to PbO.
8.2 Sodium Thiosulfate Solution (0.1N)—Dissolve 24.83 g
7.3 Red lead is rarely adulterated, but should the specimen
of sodium thiosulfate (Na S O ·5H O), freshly pulverized and
2 2 3 2
contain soluble barium compounds, the PbSO obtained in 8.2
4 driedbetweenfilterpaper,anddilutewithwaterto1litreatthe
will contain BaSO . In this case, precipitate the lead as sulfide
4 temperatureatwhichthetitrationsaretobemade.Thesolution
from a slightly acid (HCl) solution, dissolve the PbS in hot
isbestmadewithwell-boiledwaterfreefromCO ,orletstand
diluted HNO , and determine the lead as sulfate or chromate.
3 8 to 14 days before standardizing, as described in Section 5 of
Test Method D1959.
7.4 If the specimen contains significant amounts of calcium
or magnesium, boil the HNO −H O solution (7.1) until all
3 2 2
8.3 Starch Solution—Stir2to3gof potato starch with 100
theleadisconvertedintonitrateandthendeterminetheleadas
mL of salicylic acid solution (1%), and boil the mixture until
PbCrO .
the starch is practically dissolved, then dilute to 1 L (Note 3),
7.5 If soluble barium, calcium, or magnesium are to be
or prepare as described in 7.8.2 of Test Method D1959.
determined, precipitate the lead as sulfide from a slightly acid
NOTE 3—Lead Peroxide—If the pigment contains an appreciable
solution (HCl), dissolve the PbS in hot diluted HNO , and
amount of nitrite (nitrate has no effect on the method), leach out
determine the lead as sulfate. Boil the filtrate from the PbS to
water-soluble matter as below, dry the residue and determine PbO as
expel H S, add a little bromine water to oxidize iron (if
2 above, calculating to basis of original specimen.
present),boiltoexpelbromine,andprecipitatethebariumwith
a few millilitres of H SO (1+3). Filter and weigh as BaSO .
2 4 4 9. Procedure
CalculatetoBaOorBaCO .TothefiltratefromtheBaSO add
3 4
9.1 Weigh1gofthe finely ground sample, transfer to a
NH OH in slight excess, filter
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D49 − 83 (Reapproved 2008) D49 − 83 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods of
Chemical Analysis of Red Lead
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D49; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The units statement in subsection 1.2 was corrected editorially in July 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of red lead having the approximate formula Pb O (probably
3 4
PbO ·2PbO).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D50 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Yellow, Orange, Red, and Brown Pigments Containing Iron and Manganese
D215 Practice for the Chemical Analysis of White Linseed Oil Paints (Withdrawn 2005)
D280 Test Methods for Hygroscopic Moisture (and Other Matter Volatile Under the Test Conditions) in Pigments
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1208 Test Methods for Common Properties of Certain Pigments
D1301 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of White Lead Pigments
D1959 Test Method for Iodine Value of Drying Oils and Fatty Acids (Withdrawn 2006)
3. Treatment of Sample
3.1 If the pigment is lumpy or not finely ground, grind it to a fine powder and mix thoroughly. Large samples may be thoroughly
mixed and a representative portion taken and powdered if lumpy or not finely ground. The sample in all cases shall be thoroughly
mixed before taking portions for analysis. All samples shall be preserved in stoppered bottles or containers.
4. Purity of Reagents
4.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform
to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where such specifications are
available. Other grades may be used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming to Type II of
Specification D1193.
5. Moisture
5.1 Determine moisture content with a 2-g specimen in accordance with Method A of Test Methods D280. The specimen is dried
for 2 h at 105°C. The loss in weight is considered as moisture.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2008December 2014. Originally approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
ε1
D49 - 83 (2002).D49 – 83 (2008 ). DOI: 10.1520/D0049-83R08E01.10.1520/D0049-83R0814.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, , American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National
Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D49 − 83 (2014)
6. Organic Color
6.1 Boil 2 g of the sample with 25 mL of 95 % ethyl alcohol, let settle, decant the supernatant liquid; boil the residue with 25
mL of distilled water and decant as before; boil the residue with 25 mL of diluted NH OH (1 + 4) and again decant. Boil another
2-g portion of the sample with 25 mL of chloroform, let settle, and decant the supernatant liquid. If any one of the above solutions
is colored, organic coloring matter is indicated. If the solutions remain colorless, organic colors are probably absent.
NOTE 1—If it is desired to test for organic colors resistant to the above reagents, the test procedures described in the following books may be used,
taking into account the nature of the pigment involved (1,2,3).
7. Total Lead and Insoluble Matter
7.1 Treat 1 g of the sample with 15 mL of HNO (1 + 1) and sufficient H O to dissolve all PbO on warming. If any insoluble
3 2 2 2
matter is present, add 25 mL of water, boil, filter, and wash with hot water. The insoluble matter contains free SiO and should
be examined for BaSO and silicates, if appreciable.
7.2 To the original solution or filtrate from the insoluble matter add 20 mL of H SO (sp gr 1.84) and evaporate to SO fumes.
2 4 3
Cool, add 150 mL of water, and 150 mL of 95 % ethyl alcohol, let stand cold for 2 h, filter, on a Gooch crucible, wash with 95 %
alcohol, dry at 105 to 110°C, and weigh as PbSO . Calculate to PbO.
7.3 Red lead is rarely adulterated, but should the specimen contain soluble barium compounds, the PbSO obtained in 8.2 will
contain BaSO . In this case, precipitate the lead as sulfide from a slightly acid (HCl) solution, dissolve the PbS in hot diluted
HNO , and determine the lead as sulfate or chromate.
7.4 If the specimen contains significant amounts of calcium or magnesium, boil the HNO − H O solution (7.1) until all the
3 2 2
lead is converted into nitrate and then determine the lead as PbCrO .
7.5 If soluble barium, calcium, or magnesium are to be determined, precipitate the lead as sulfide from a slightly acid solution
(HCl), dissolve the PbS in hot diluted HNO , and determine the lead as sulfate. Boil the filtrate from the PbS to expel H S, add
3 2
a little bromine water to oxidize iron (if present), boil to expel bromine, and precipitate the barium with a few millilitres of H SO
2 4
(1 + 3). Filter and weigh as BaSO . Calculate to BaO or BaCO . To the filtrate from the BaSO add NH OH in slight excess, filter
4 3 4 4
off any precipitate of Fe(OH) + Al(OH) , wash with hot water. Manganese, if present, can be precipitated by adding bromine and
3 3
NH OH and warming. Filter, wash with hot water, ignite, and weigh as Mn O . Unite all the filtrates, make slightly acid with acetic
4 3 4
acid, heat to boiling and pass H S into the hot solution until saturated (20 to 30 min); add 5 g of NH Cl and let stand 5 h, filter
2 4
off any ZnS, wash with H S water, dissolve the ZnS in hot diluted HCl and determine the zinc by titration with K Fe(CN) . Or,
2 4 6
boil off the H S, filter out any separated sulfur and determine the zinc as Zn P O . Calcium may be determined in the filtrate from
2 2 2 7
the ZnS by expelling H S and then adding NH OH and ammonium oxalate. Titrate the calcium oxide precipitate using the
2 4
procedure described in 13.3 of Test Methods D50. In the filtrate from calcium determine magnesium by precipitating with sodium
phosphate solution, finally weighing as Mg P O .
2 2 7
8. Lead Peroxide (PbO ) and True Red Lead (Pb O )
2 3 4
NOTE 2—Method of Diehl (4) modified by Topf (5)—not applicable when substances are present, other than oxides of lead, that liberate iodine under
conditions given, or substances such as metallic lead which reduce PbO to PbO without the liberation of iodine.
8.1 Solutions Required: (a) Red Lead Solution—Dissolve in 1-L beaker 600 g of crystallized sodium acetate and 48 g of KI in
about 500 mL of acetic acid (1 + 3) (made by mixing 150 mL of glacial acetic acid with 450 mL of water). Warm the beaker an
...
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