ASTM C1196-03
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry. This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in saw cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in place.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 1196 – 03
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* characteristics of the jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area
of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
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of the slot.
average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit
masonry. This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ
4. Significance and Use
compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-
4.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack.
like flatjack devices that are installed in saw cut mortar joints
In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in
in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively
the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other
non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in
wythes may be different.
place.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5. Apparatus
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
5.1 Flatjack:
information only.
5.1.1 A flatjack is a thin envelope-like bladder with inlet and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic oil.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
compatible with the masonry being tested. Typically configu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rations are shown in Fig. 1.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress,
2. Referenced Documents dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a
single masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness
E 74 Practice for Calibration of Force Measuring Instru-
of one wythe and not less than 3 in. (75 mm). The radius, R, for
ments for Verifying the Load Indication of Testing Ma-
3 circular and semi-rectangular flatjacks shall be equal to the
chines
radius of the circular saw blade used to cut the slot.
3. Summary of Test Method 5.1.3 Flatjacks shall be made of metal or other material such
that the flatjack in a slot in masonry will be capable of applying
3.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive
operating pressures up to the expected maximum flatjack
stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the
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pressure. Metal flatjacks suitable for this purpose shall be
slot to move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may
made of type 304 stainless steel sheet of 0.024 in. (0.6 mm) to
be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing
0.048 in. (1.2 mm) in thickness with welded seams along the
its internal pressure until the original distance between points
edges and incorporating hydraulic inlet or outlet ports.
above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive
5.1.4 Calibrate all flatjacks as described in Section 7 to
stress in the masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack
determine their pressure-applied load characteristics.
pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical
5.2 Hydraulic System—An electrically or manually oper-
ated hydraulic pump with hydraulic hoses is required. Hose
1
connections shall fit the flatjack inlet port. Measure pressure
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C15.04 on Research.
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Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally A maximum operating pressure of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) or less is often adequate
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 1196 - 92 (1997). for older existing masonry, but flatjacks with higher operating pressures may be
2
Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net required for more recently constructed buildings. Flatjacks manufactured with
area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area. flexible polymers that have operating pressure ranges of less than 1000 psi (6.9
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. MPa) may be useful for stress measurements in some historic masonry.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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