ASTM E1416-96

Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This test method applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This test method can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This test method also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this test method provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-1996
• ICS: 25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E1416-04 - Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E1734-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996
• Referred By: ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996
• Referred By: ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996
• Referred By: ASTM E2982-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996
• Referred By: ASTM B595-21 - Standard Specification for Materials for Aluminum Powder Metallurgy (PM) Structural Parts
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996
• Referred By: ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1996

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1416 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for radio- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
scopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
this test method are intended to control the quality of the E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling accept- Testing
ability or quality of welds. E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.2 This test method applies only to the use of equipment Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally (IQI) Used for Radiology
presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The E 1000 Guide for Radioscopy
examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
performed by computer. cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the accep- E 1255 Practice for Radioscopy
tance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
purchase order, product specification, or drawings. 2.2 ASNT Standards:
1.4 This test method can be used for the detection of ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel
discontinuities. This test method also facilitates the examina- Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
tion of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to ANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification and
the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
radioscopic techniques described in this test method provide 2.3 Military Standard:
adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is MIL STD 410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques tion and Certification (Eddy Current, Liquid Penetrant,
using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide Magnetic Particle, Radiographic, Ultrasonic)
additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic
3. Terminology
techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and sup-
3.1 Definitions:
plier.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test method may
be found in Terminology E 1316.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
information only.
4. Apparatus
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Radiation Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray)—Selection of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the weld being examined, such as material composition and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
thickness. The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
by attainment of the required image quality and compliance
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Available from ANST, 1711 Arlingate Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. 43228-0518.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Originally Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
published as E 1416 – 91. Last previous edition E 1416 – 92. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1416–96
with all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the 5. Materials
selection of the radiation source may be found in Guide E 1000
5.1 Recording Media—Recording media for storage of
and Practice E 1255.
images shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser and
4.2 Manipulation System—Selection of the appropriate ma-
supplier. This may include either analog or digital media.
nipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon vari-
6. Basis of Application
ables such as the size and orientation of the object being
examined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, and
6.1 Personnel Qualification—NDT personnel shall be
smoothness of motion. The suitability of the manipulation
qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT
system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/
image quality and compliance with all other requirements
ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL STD 410, or a similar
stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipula- document. The practice or standard used and its applicable
tion system may be found in Practice E 1255. revision shall be specified in the contractual agreement be-
tween the using parties.
4.3 Imaging System—Selection of the appropriate imaging
6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—If
system is dependent upon variables such as the size of the
specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be
object being examined and the energy and intensity of the
qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. The
radiation used for the examination. The suitability of the
applicable edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the
imaging system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the
contractual agreement.
required image quality and compliance with all other require-
6.3 Time of Examination—The time of examination shall be
ments stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of an
in accordance with 9.1 unless otherwise specified.
imaging system may be found in Guide E 1000 and Practice
6.4 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
E 1255.
niques to be utilized shall be as described in this test method
4.4 Image Processing System—Where agreed between pur-
unless otherwise specified. Specific techniques may be speci-
chaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used for
fied in the contractual agreement.
noise reduction through image integration or averaging, con-
6.5 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall
trast enhancement and other image processing operations.
be in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise specified.
4.5 Collimation—Selection of appropriate collimation is
6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
dependent upon the geometry of the object being examined. It teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
is generally useful to select collimation to limit the primary Section 10 unless otherwise specified. Acceptance criteria shall
radiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent base be specified in the contractual agreement.
material in order to improve radioscopic image quality. 6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
4.6 Filters and Masking—Filters and masking may be used
this test method and if required shall be specified in the
to improve image quality from contrast reductions caused by
contractual agreement.
low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filters
and masking can be found in Guide E 94.
7. Safety
4.7 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—Unless otherwise
7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall comply with applicable
specified by the applicable job order or contract, image quality
city, state, and federal safety regulations.
indicators shall comply with the design and identification
requirements specified in Practices E 747 or E 1025.
8. Requirements
4.8 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like Sections—Shims, sepa-
8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by
rate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopi-
the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination
cally similar materials (as defined in Practice E 1025) may be
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
used to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as de-
Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval
scribed in 9.10.3. The like section should be geometrically
of the written procedures shall be as agreed by purchaser and
similar to the object being examined.
supplier. The production procedure shall address all applicable
4.9 Location and Identification Markers—Lead numbers
portions of this test method and shall be available for review
and letters should be used to designate the part number and
during interpretation of the images. The written procedure shall
location number. The size and thickness of the markers shall
include the following:
depend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discern
8.1.1 Material and thickness range to be examined,
the markers on the images. As a general rule, markers from
8.1.2 Equipment to be used, including specifications of
0.06 to 0.12 in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most low
source parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal spot
energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and iridium radioscopy. For
size) and imaging equipment parameters (such as detector size,
higher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt ) radioscopy, it
field of view, electronic magnification, camera black level,
may be necessary to use markers that are thicker (0.12 in. (3
gain),
mm) thick or more). In cases where the system being used 8.1.3 Examination geometry, including source-to-object dis-
provides a display of object position within the image, this
tance, object-to-detector distance and orientation,
shall be acceptable as identification of object location. 8.1.4 Image quality indicator designation and placement,
E1416–96
8.1.5 Test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions
Material Thickness U , max, in. (mm)
g
and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be
under 2 in. (50 mm) 0.020 (0.50)
manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results (see descrip-
2 through 3 in. (50 through 75 mm) 0.030 (0.75)
tion in 5.2.1.2 of Practice E 1255),
over 3 through 4 in. (75 through 100 mm) 0.040 (1.00)
greater than 4 in. (100 mm) 0.070 (1.75)
8.1.6 Image-processing parameters,
8.1.7 Image-display parameters, and
Determine geometric unsharpness values as specified in
8.1.8 Image storage.
Guide E 94.
8.2 Radioscopic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by
9.4 Examination Speed—For dynamic examination, deter-
purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radioscopic
mine the speed of object motion relative to the radiation source
coverage shall include 100 % of the volume of the weld and the
and detector upon agreement between the purchaser and
adjacent base metal.
supplier. Base this determination upon the achievement of the
8.3 Examination Speed—For dynamic examination, the
required radioscopic quality level at that examination speed.
speed of object motion relative to the radiation source and
9.5 Direction of the Radiation—Direct the central beam of
detector shall be controlled to ensure that the required radio-
radiation perpendicularly toward the center of the effective area
scopic quality level is achieved.
of the detector or to a plane tangent to the center of the image,
8.4 Radioscopic Image Quality—All images shall be free of
to the maximum extent possible, except for double-wall
marks or other blemishes that could mask or be confused with
exposure-double-wall viewing elliptical projection techniques,
the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest. It may be
as described in 9.14.2.
possible to prevent blemishes from masking discontinuities or
9.6 Scattered Radiation—Scattered radiation (radiation
being confused with discontinuities by moving the object being
scattered from the test object and from surrounding structures)
examined relative to the imaging device. If any doubt exists as
reduces radioscopic contrast and may produce undesirable
to the true nature of an indication exhibited in the image, the
effects on radioscopic quality. Use precautions such as colli-
image shall be rejected and a new image of the area shall be
mation of the source, collimation of the detector, and additional
made.
shielding as appropriate to minimize the detrimental effects of
8.5 Radioscopic Quality Level—Radioscopic quality level
this scattered radiation.
shall be determined upon agreement between the purchaser and
9.7 Image Quality Indicator Selection—For selection of the
supplier and shall be specified in the applicable job order or
image quality indicator, the thickness on which the image
contract. Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms of
quality indicator is based is the single-wall thickness plus the
equivalent penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measured
lesser of the actual or allowable reinforcement. Backing strips
using image quality indicators conforming to Practices E 747
or rings are not considered as part of the weld or reinforcement
or E 1025.
thickness for image quality indicator selection. For any thick-
8.6 Acceptance Level—Accept and reject levels shall be
ness, an image quality indicator acceptable for thinner materi-
stipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, or
als may be used, provided all other requirements for radios-
other purchaser and supplier agreement.
copy are met.
8.7 Image-Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities shall pro-
9.8 Number of Image Quality Indicators:
vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not
9.8.1 Place at least one image quality indicator (Practices
cause troublesome reflection, shadows, or glare on the image.
E 747 or E 1025) in the area of interest representing an area in
8.8 Storage of Images—When storage is required by the
which the brightness is relatively uniform. The degree of
applicable job order or contract, the images should be stored in
brightness uniformity shall be agreed upon between purchaser
a format stipulated by the applicable contract, job order,
and supplier. If the image brightness in an area of interest
drawing, or other purchaser and supplier agreement. The
differs by more
...