ASTM A395/A395M-99(2022)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures
Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures
ABSTRACT
This specification covers standard requirements for ductile iron castings for pressure-retaining parts for use at elevated temperatures. Castings are classified by grades based on mechanical property requirements. These iron castings shall meet the specified values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness. Chemical analysis shall be performed wherein the casting shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, silicon, and phosphorous. The material shall meet the required tensile properties, hardness, and microstructure. The iron casting shall undergo pressure test after machining. The thickness of any repaired section in relation to the size of the plug used shall be indicated. The minimum radius of repaired sections of cylinders or cones in relation to the size of plug used shall not exceed the prescribed limit. Other defective areas may also be repaired by plugging provided the minimum ligament between plugs in adjacent areas shall not be less than twice the distance from the nearest plug. Three Y-blocks shall be utilized as test coupons. The material shall undergo the following test methods: tension test, chemical analysis, yield strength test, and hardness test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ductile iron castings for pressure-retaining parts for use at elevated temperatures. Castings of all grades are suitable for use up to 450 °F. For temperatures above 450 °F and up to 650 °F, only Grade 60-40-18 castings are suitable (Note 1).
1.2 Valves, flanges, pipe fittings, pumps, and other piping components are generally manufactured in advance and supplied from stock by the manufacturer, jobber, or dealer.
1.3 For supplemental casting requirements, Specification A834 may be utilized.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: For service other than as specified in this section, reference should be made to Specification A536 for Ductile Iron Castings.2
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A395/A395M −99 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at
Elevated Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA395/A395M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
1.1 This specification covers ductile iron castings for
A536 Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
pressure-retaining parts for use at elevated temperatures. Cast-
A732/A732M Specification for Castings, Investment, Car-
ings of all grades are suitable for use up to 450 °F. For
bon and Low-Alloy Steel for General Application, and
temperatures above 450 °F and up to 650 °F, only Grade
Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures
60-40-18 castings are suitable (Note 1).
A834 Specification for Common Requirements for Iron
1.2 Valves, flanges, pipe fittings, pumps, and other piping
Castings for General Industrial Use
components are generally manufactured in advance and sup-
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
plied from stock by the manufacturer, jobber, or dealer.
terials
1.3 For supplemental casting requirements, Specification E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2 in.
A834 may be utilized.
(50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
(50.8 mm) in Thickness
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
E689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
with the standard.
E1806 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determina-
NOTE 1—For service other than as specified in this section, reference
tion of Chemical Composition
should be made to Specification A536 for Ductile Iron Castings.
F1476 Specification for Performance of Gasketed Mechani-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
cal Couplings for Use in Piping Applications
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
F1548 SpecificationforPerformanceofFittingsforUsewith
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Gasketed Mechanical Couplings Used in Piping Applica-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tions
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2.2 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Fittings Industry Standard:
SP 25 Standard Marking Systems for Valves, Flanges, Pipe
2. Referenced Documents
Fittings, and Unions
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Classification
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
Graphite in Iron Castings
3.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified by
grades based on mechanical property requirements, as listed in
Table 1. See note following Table 1.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
4. Ordering Information
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A395/A395M – 99
the following applicable information:
(2018). DOI: 10.1520/A0395_A0395M-99R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromManufacturersStandardizationSocietyoftheValveandFittings
the ASTM website. Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE,Vienna,VA22180-4602, http://www.mss-hq.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A395/A395M − 99 (2022)
TABLE 1 Mechanical Property Requirements NOTE 2—Silicon contents above 2.75 % or phosphorus contents above
0.08 % have a tendency to lower the impact resistance of the material. If
Property Grade 60-40-18 Grade 65-45-15
the carbon content is below 3.00 %, excess cementite may form during
Tensile Strength Minimum, psi [MPa] 60 000 [415] 65 000 [450]
cooling and, if this is not removed during heat treatment, the impact
Yield Strength Minimum, psi [MPa] 40 000 [275] 45 000 [310]
resistance of the material may be lowered.
Elongation in 2 in. Minimum, % 18 15
Hardness HB, 3000 kgf Load 143–187 156–201
7. Requirements
7.1 Tensile Properties:
4.1.1 Drawing, catalog number, or part identifications, 7.1.1 The ductile iron as represented by the test specimens
shallconformtothemechanicalpropertyrequirementsinTable
4.1.1.1 For Grade 65-45-15, drawing indicating critical
area(s) of casting (see 7.2.2 and 7.3.2). 1.
4.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
7.2 Hardness:
4.1.3 ASTM designation and year of issue,
7.2.1 For Grade 60-40-18, the hardness of the castings and
4.1.4 Grade (See Table 1); if a grade is not specified, the
test specimens shall be within the limits in Table 1.
manufacturer shall supply Grade 60-40-18.
7.2.2 ForGrade65-45-15,thehardnessoftestspecimenand
4.1.5 Heat-treating requirements (see 5.2.1),
the critical area(s) of the casting, as identified on the casting
4.1.6 Pressure test requirements (see 7.4.3),
drawing, shall be within the limits in Table 1. If the Grade
4.1.7 Test samples from castings (see 11.1.1 and 12.1.1),
65-45-15 casting drawing does not have critical area(s) of the
4.1.8 Test coupons size (see 11.2),
casting identified, all areas of the casting shall be within the
4.1.9 Metallographic option (see 12.1.1),
hardness limits in Table 1.
4.1.10 Place of inspection (see 16.1),
4.1.11 Certification requirements (see 17.1),
7.3 Microstructure:
4.1.12 Identification marking (see 18.2), and
7.3.1 For Grade 60-40-18, the microstructure of the sepa-
4.1.13 Supplementary requirements (see 1.4, 7.4.2, S1, and
rately cast test coupon or the casting shall be essentially ferritic
S2).
and contain no massive carbides, and have a minimum of 90 %
Type I and Type II graphite as in Fig. 1 or Plate I of Test
5. Materials and Manufacture
Method A247.
5.1 The melting method and the nodularizing practice shall
7.3.2 For Grade 65-45-15, the microstructure of the critical
be optional with the foundry.
areas of the casting, as identified on the casting drawing, shall
5.2 Except as provided in 5.2.1, all castings Grade 60-40-18
be 45 % pearlitic, maximum, contain no massive carbides, and
shall be given a ferritizing heat treatment that produces
have a minimum 90 % Type I and Type II graphite as in Fig.
essentially a ferritic structure that contains no massive car-
1 or Plate I of Test Method A247.
bides.
7.4 Pressure Test Requirements:
5.2.1 When specified in the purchase order, Grade 60-40-18
7.4.1 Each pressure-retaining Grade 60-40-18 casting shall
castings may be provided in an as-cast condition provided they
be tested after machining to the test pressure specified by the
comply with the requirements of 7.1 and 7.2.1.
applicable standard of ANSI, ASME Boiler and Pressure
5.2.2 Castings supplied in accordance with 5.2.1 may be
Vessel Code, or other pertinent code, and shall show no leaks.
stress relieved by agreement between the manufacturer and
purchaser. 7.4.2 Castings Grade 65-45-15 manufactured under this
specification shall be capable of passing hydrostatic test(s)
5.3 Castings Grade 65-45-15 may be provided in as-cast
compatible with the rating of the finished cast component.
condition or heat treated, provided they comply with the
Such tests shall be conducted by the casting manufacturer only
requirements of 7.1, 7.2.2, and 7.3.2.
when Supplementary Requirement S2 is specified.
6. Chemical Requirements 7.4.3 Castings Grade 60-40-18, ordered under this specifi-
cation not covered by ANSI standards and ASME Pressure
6.1 The casting shall conform to the following requirements
VesselCode,andcastingsforspecialserviceapplications,shall
for chemical composition (Note 2):
be tested to such pressures as may be agreed upon by the
Total carbon, min, % 3.00
manufacturer and the purchaser.
Silicon, max, % 2.50
Phosphorus, max, % 0.08
7.4.4 For castings Grade 60-40-18, it is realized that the
6.1.1 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made foundry may be unable to perform the hydrostatic test prior to
on chilled cast pencil-type specimens or from thin wafers shipment, or that the purchaser may wish to defer testing until
approximately ⁄32 in. [0.8 mm] thick cut from test coupons. additional work or machining has been performed on the
Drillings are not reliable because of the probable loss of casting. Castings ordered in the rough state for final machining
graphite. by the purchaser may be tested hydrostatically prior to ship-
6.1.2 For each reduction of 0.01 % below the maximum ment by the manufacturer at pressures to be agreed upon with
specified phosphorus content, an increase of 0.08 % silicon the purchaser. However, the foundry is responsible for the
above the specified maximum will be permitted up to a satisfactory performance of the castings under the final hydro-
maximum of 2.75 %. static test.
A395/A395M − 99 (2022)
NOTE 1—Graphite types are identical with Plate 1 of Test Method A247 and are so identified.
FIG. 1 Suggested Classification of Graphite Form in Ductile Cast Iron
8. Workmanship and Finish 9.2.1 No welding or brazing is permitted.
9.2.2 The diameter of the plug shall not exceed the diameter
8.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visually
of a standard 2 in. [ISO R2] pipe plug.
and shall be free from adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot
tears. Any other surface discontinuities shall meet visual
9.2.3 The plugs, where practical, shall conform in all
acceptance standards specified in the order.
dimensions to the standard ISO ⁄8 plugs. In addition, they shall
have full thread engagement corresponding to the thickness in
9. Repair
the repaired section. Where a tapered plug is impractical
9.1 Castings for valves, flanges, pipe fittings, pumps, and
because of the excess wall thickness in terms of plug diameter
other piping components ordered under applicable ANSI stan-
and coincident thread engagement, other types of plugs may be
dards shall not be repaired by plugging, welding, brazing, or
used provided both full engagement and effective sealing
impregnation.
against pressure are obtained. Where possible, the ends of the
9.2 Castings Grade 60-40-18 not covered in 9.1 which leak plug should be ground smooth after installation to conform to
the inside and outside contours of the wall of the pressure
on hydrostatic tests may be repaired by plugging, provided the
following requirements are met: vessel or pressure part.
A395/A395M − 99 (2022)
TABLE 3 Minimum Radius of Repaired Sections
9.2.4 The material from which the plug is manufactured
shall conform in all respects to the materials specifications that Minimum Radius of Cylinder
Iron Pipe Size Plug, in.
or Cone, in. [mm]
apply to the pressure vessel or pressure part.
1 9
⁄8 ⁄16 [15]
9.2.5 The area adjacent to the drilled hole shall be examined
1 11
⁄4 ⁄16 [18]
by radiography, and shall meet the Level 3 acceptance require-
3 1
⁄8 1 ⁄16 [28]
1 1
ments of Reference Radiographs E689 and supporting Refer- ⁄2 1 ⁄4 [32]
⁄4 2 [52]
ence Radiographs E446, E186,or E280 as applicable and
12 ⁄2 [64]
defined in accordance with Reference Radiographs E689. 1
1 ⁄4 4 [104]
1 1
9.2.6 The thickness of any repaired section in relation to the 1 ⁄2 5 ⁄4 [136]
28 ⁄8 [208]
size of the plug used shall not be less than that given in Table
2.
9.2.7 The minimum radius of repaired sections of cylinders
A,B
TABLE 4 Minimum Ligament Between Plugs
or cones in relation to the size of plug used shall not be less
Minimum Ligament Between Plugs, in. [mm]
Nominal Plug
than that given in Table 3.
1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Diameter, in.
⁄8, ⁄4, ⁄8 ⁄2, ⁄4 1, 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄2,2
9.2.8 A repaired area may consist of a maximum of three
1 1 3 5 1 5 1
⁄8, ⁄4, ⁄8 2 ⁄8 [67] 4 ⁄8 [105] 6 ⁄8 [169] 9 ⁄2 [242]
1 3 1 1 5 1
plugs with a spacing such that the ligaments between adjacent ⁄2, ⁄4 4 ⁄8 [105] 4 ⁄8 [105] 6 ⁄8 [169] 9 ⁄2 [242]
1 5 5 5 1
1, 1 ⁄4 6 ⁄8 [169] 6 ⁄8 [169] 6 ⁄8 [169] 9 ⁄2 [242]
plugs shall not be less than listed in Table 4. Other defective
1 1 1 1 1
1 ⁄2,2 9 ⁄2 [242] 9 ⁄2 [242] 9 ⁄2 [242] 9 ⁄2 [242]
areasmayalsoberepairedbyplugging,providedtheminimum
A
Based on efficiency of 80 %.
ligament between plugs in adjacent areas is not less than twice
B
1 3
Example: Assume three plugs are required for repair, one ⁄8 in., one ⁄8 in., and
the distance from the nearest plug, the values for which are
one 1 ⁄2 in. The minimum distance permitted is as follows:
1 3 5
Ligament distance between ⁄8 and ⁄8 in. plugs is 2 ⁄8 in. [67 mm].
listed in Table 4.
1 1 1
Ligament distance between ⁄8 and 1 ⁄2 in. plugs is 9 ⁄2 in. [242 mm].
3 1 1
9.3 Surface imperfections in castings Grade 60-40-18 other Ligament distance between ⁄8 and 1 ⁄2 in. plugs is 9 ⁄2 in. [242 mm].
than valves, flanges, pipe fittings, pumps, and other piping
components may be repaired by plugging, provided the depth
of the plug is not greater than 20 % of the thickness of the
casting section and the diameter of the plug is not greater than
in Fig. 2, Fig. 3,or Fig. 4. Cast coupons shall be identified with
its length. Repair of surface defects may not be done on
the castings they represent. Sectioning procedure for removing
pressure-containing portions of castings. The plug need not be
test specimens from Y-blocks is shown in Fig. 5.
threaded. The conditions of 9.2.1 and 9.2.4 shall also be
11.1.1 Test samples may be removed from castings at
satisfied.
locations designated on a drawing or as agreed to by manu-
facturer and purchaser.
10. Sampling
11.1.2 Test bars removed from castings shall conform to
10.1 A lot shal
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