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ASTM E685-93(2021)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid Chromatography

Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.  
4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 nm to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).2  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.19 - Separation Science
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E685-93(2021) - Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid ChromatographyASTM E685-93(2021) - Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid Chromatography
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ASTM E685-93(2021) - Standard Practice for Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in Liquid Chromatography
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E685 − 93 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Testing Fixed-Wavelength Photometric Detectors Used in
1
Liquid Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
testingoftheperformanceofaphotometricdetector(PD)used
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC)
E682Practice for Liquid Chromatography Terms and Rela-
systemoperatingatoneormorefixedwavelengthsintherange
tionships
210nm to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if
possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.
3. Terminology
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of
3.1 Definitions:
thedetectorbothindependentlyofthechromatographicsystem
3.1.1 absorbance calibration, n—the procedure that verifies
(static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic condi-
that the absorbance scale is correct within 65%.
tions).
3.1.2 drift, n—the average slope of the noise envelope
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult
expressed in absorbance units per hour (AU/h) as measured
2
Refs (1-9).
over a period of 1 h.
3.1.3 dynamic, n—under conditions of a flow rate of 1.0
1.4 For general information concerning the principles,
construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid- mL/min.
chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to
3.1.4 linear range, n—of a PD, the range of concentrations
the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).
of a test substance in a mobile phase over which the response
ofthedetectorisconstanttowithin5%asdeterminedfromthe
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
linearity plot specified below and illustrated in Fig. 1. The
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
linear range should be expressed as the ratio of the highest
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
concentration to the minimum detectable concentration or the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
lowest linear concentration, whichever is greatest.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5 long-term noise, n—the maximum amplitude in AU
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
for all random variations of the detector signal of frequencies
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
between 6cycles per hour and 60 cycles per hour (0.1cycles
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
per min and 1.0 cycles per min).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Itrepresentsnoisethatcanbemistaken
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
for a late-eluting peak. This noise corresponds to the observed
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
noise only and may not always be present.
3.1.6 minimum detectability, n—of a PD, that concentration
1 ofaspecificsoluteinaspecificsolventthatresultsinadetector
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E13 on Molecular
Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- response corresponding to twice the static short-term noise.
mittee E13.19 on Separation Science.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally
3
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E685–93(2013). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/E0685-93R21. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E685 − 93 (2021)
otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This
requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accor-
dance with the manufacturer’s directions. If additional elec-
tronicfiltersoramplifiersareusedbetweenthedetectorandthe
final readout device, their characteristics should also first be
established.
5. Noise and Drift
5.1 Test Co
...

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This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
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4.2 Tests developed using these guidelines are intended to allow the user to compare the performance of a spectrophotometer on any given day with prior performance. The tests are intended to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but they are not designed to diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of spectrophotometers of different manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers basic procedures that can be used to develop spectrophotometer performance tests. The guide is intended to be applicable to spectrophotometers operating in the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared regions.  
1.2 This guide is not intended as a replacement for specific practices such as Practices E275, E925, E932, E958, E1421, or E1683 that exist for measuring performance of specific types of spectrophotometers. Instead, this guide is intended to provide guidelines in how similar practices should be developed when specific practices do not exist for a particular spectrophotometer type, or when specific practices are not applicable due to sampling or safety concerns. This guide can be used to develop performance tests for on-line process spectrophotometers.  
1.3 This guide describes univariate level zero and level one tests, and multivariate level A and level B tests which can be implemented to measure spectrophotometer performance. These tests are designed to be used as rapid, routine checks of spectrophotometer performance. They are designed to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but do not specifically diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of spectrophotometers of different manufacture.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas Chromatography

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
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1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.  
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.  
4.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by other ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the purpose of conformance testing.  
4.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specification or in a general requirement specification for the particular product form.  
4.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of additional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the required test method is described in that material specification or by reference to another appropriate test method standard.  
4.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service exposure.  
4.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select alloys, further processing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testin...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
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16  
Brinell  
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Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
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Impact  
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Keywords  
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Annex A2  
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Annex A4  
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Annex A5  
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Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM
ASTM F3565-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Pipe Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the procedures and apparatus in Sections 8 and 9 and the manufacturer's instructions, pressure-tight joints as strong as the pipe itself can be made between manufacturer-recommended combinations of pipe and fittings. See Specification F1055 for performance requirements of polyethylene electrofusion fittings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making joints suitable for pressure service with polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings by means of electrofusion joining techniques in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable electrofusion joining procedures are available from various sources including fitting manufacturers. This standard does not purport to address all possible electrofusion joining procedures, or to preclude the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable electrofusion joints. (Note 1)
Note 1: Reference to the manufacturer in this practice refers to the electrofusion fitting manufacturer.  
1.2 The parameters and procedure are applicable only to joining polyethylene pipe and fittings (Note 2) which are intended for PE fuel gas pipe per Specification D2513 and PE potable water, sewer and industrial pipe manufactured per Specification F714, Specification D3035, Specification F2619, and AWWA C901 and C906.
Note 2: Commercially available materials classified with a thermoplastic pipe material designation code beginning with PE 14, PE 23, PE 24, PE 27, PE 33, PE 34, PE 36, and PE 46, and PE 47 in accordance with Specification D3350 and Terminology F412 are generally acceptable for electrofusion joining using this practice. Consult with the pipe or fitting manufacturer for specific compatibility information.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyethylene pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendices which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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