ASTM D7100-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to measure one-dimensional flow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates, liquid wastes and byproducts, single and mixed chemicals, etc., from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) through initially saturated soils under an applied hydraulic gradient and effective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquids and some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1). This test method is used to evaluate the presence and effect of potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisons between the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated with water relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueous solutions.
Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used to determine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions through soils. Hydraulic conductivity testing using flexible-wall cells is usually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueous solutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problems with rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur, for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation with the permeant liquid due to interactions between the soil and the permeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of a rigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effective stresses that exist in the test specimen.
Darcy’s law describes laminar flow through a test soil. Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcy’s law may not be valid under certain test conditions. For example, interactions between a permeating liquid and a soil may cause severe channeling/cracking of the soil such that laminar flow ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example, waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 × 10-8 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc. specimens.
1.5 A specimen may be saturated and permeated using three methods. Method 1 is for saturation with water and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to a hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measured with respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.8 Units—The standard units for...
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Designation: D7100 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
1
Aqueous Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant
rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-
ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous 1.8 Units—Thestandardunitsforthehydraulicconductivity
values are the SI units. The inch-pound units given in paren-
solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,
waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A theses are mathematical conversions which are provided for
information purposes only and are not considered standard.
hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic
and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential 1.8.1 Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been ex-
pressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for
interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and
the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
1.8.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
-8
conductivities less than approximately1×10 m/s.
is slugs.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-
1.8.3 The slug unit of mass is almost never used in
ability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity
commercial practice; i.e., density, balances, etc. Therefore, the
of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg)
or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,
(slug) is not given/presented in parentheses. However, the use
including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,
of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or
etc. specimens.
3
recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as noncon-
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthree
formance with this standard.
methods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeation
1.9 ThisstandardcontainsaHazardssectionrelatedtousing
with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-
hazardous liquids (Section 7).
ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with
water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ation with aqueous solution.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasured
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
withrespecttotime.Theamountandpropertiesofinfluentand
effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
2. Referenced Documents
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
determined using procedures similar to determination of hy-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
draulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described
Fluids
in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
kN-m/m ))
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
2
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Orginally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7100–06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7100-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7100 − 11
D854Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7100–06 Designation:D7100–11
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
1
Aqueous Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous
solutionsthatmayalterhydraulicconductivity(forexample,wasterelatedliquids)usingaflexible-wallpermeameter.Ahydraulic
conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between
the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic
conductivity.
-8
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 3 10 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the
aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.
specimens.
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthreemethods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeationwith
aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial
permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.
1.6 Theamountofflowthroughaspecimeninresponsetoahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasuredwith
respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic
conductivity of saturated soils with water as described inTest Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the
falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test
procedures.
1.8The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values are the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulic
conductivityhastraditionallybeenexpressedincm/sintheU.S.,eventhoughtheofficialSIunitforhydraulicconductivityism/s.
1.8 Units—The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values are the SI units.The inch-pound units given in parentheses
are mathematical conversions which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.8.1 Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for hydraulic
conductivity is m/s.
1.8.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.8.3 Theslugunitofmassisalmostneverusedincommercialpractice;i.e.,density,balances,etc.Therefore,thestandardunit
for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg) or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit (slug) is not
given/presented in parentheses. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in
3
lbm/ft shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.9 This standard contains a Hazards section related to using hazardous liquids (Section 7).
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
of Soil and Rocks.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Orginally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7100–05. DOI:
10.1520/D7100-06.on Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Orginally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7100–06. DOI:
10.1520/D7100-11.
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