ASTM E6-09

Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating to methods of mechanical testing of solids. The general definitions are restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to make them particularly applicable and practicable for use in standards requiring or relating to mechanical tests. These definitions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology in product specifications.  
1.2 Terms relating to fatigue and fracture testing are defined in Terminology E 1823.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2008
• ICS: 01.040.19 - Testing (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 19.060 - Mechanical testing
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E6-08a - Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM E6-09a - Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F2842-20 - Standard Specification for Reins Used in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse Racing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM C1425-19 - Standard Test Method for Interlaminar Shear Strength of 1D and 2D Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D7958/D7958M-17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Performance for FRP Composite Bonded to Concrete Substrate using Beam Test
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E754-80(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded in Masonry Mortar Joints
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM C1368-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM C1239-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2860-20 - Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1949-21 - Standard Test Method for Ambient Temperature Fatigue Life of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM C469/C469M-22 - Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F1717-21 - Standard Test Methods for Spinal Implant Constructs in a Vertebrectomy Model
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D2343-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber Strands, Yarns, and Rovings Used in Reinforced Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F2193-20 - Standard Specifications and Test Methods for Components Used in the Surgical Fixation of the Spinal Skeletal System
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E6–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Methods of Mechanical Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE6;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
Term
angular strain see strain
1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating to
axial strain see strain
methods of mechanical testing of solids. The general defini-
bending strain see strain
chord modulus see modulus of elasticity
tions are restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to make
direct verification see verification
them particularly applicable and practicable for use in stan-
compressive stress see stress
dards requiring or relating to mechanical tests. These defini-
elastic constants see modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s
ratio
tions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology in
elastic modulus see modulus of elasticity
product specifications.
engineering strain see strain
1.2 Termsrelatingtofatigueandfracturetestingaredefined engineering stress see stress
fracture stress see stress
in Terminology E1823.
indirect verification see verification
linear (tensile or compressive) strain see strain
2. Referenced Documents
macrostrain see strain
2
malleability see ductility
2.1 ASTM Standards:
microstrain see strain
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic
modulus of rigidity see modulus of elasticity
Materials
nominal stress see stress
normal stress see stress
E796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
physical properties see mechanical properties
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-
pin see mandrel (in bend testing)
ing plunger see mandrel (in bend testing)
3
principal stress see stress
2.2 ISO Standard:
residual strain see strain
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary of
residual stress see stress
metrology—Basic and general concepts and terms (VIM) Rockwell superficial see Rockwell hardness number
hardness number
secant modulus see modulus of elasticity
3. Index of Cross-References and Associated Definitions
shear strain see strain
3.1 The terms listed below are associated with terminology shear stress see stress
static fatigue strength see creep rupture strength
that is fundamental or commonly used. The definition for the
strain gauge fatigue life see fatigue life
termofinterestisrelatedtoorisgivenbelowthedefinitionfor
stress-rupture strength see creep rupture strength
the fundamental term cited. tangent modulus see modulus of elasticity
tensile stress see stress
torsional modulus see modulus of elasticity
torsional stress see stress
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
transverse strain see strain
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.91 on
true strain see strain
Terminology except where designated otherwise. A subcommittee designation in
true stress see stress
parenthesesfollowingadefinitionindicatesthesubcommitteewithresponsibilityfor
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) see tensile strength
that definition.
yield strength see also upper yield strength and lower
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originally
yield strength
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E6–08a.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4. Terminology
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 accuracy, n—the permissible variation from the correct value.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch. (E28.01)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E6–09
alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine and load indentation which is assumed to be sphereical and of the
train (including the test specimen) that influences the intro- diameter of the ball.
duction of bending moments into a specimen during tensile
2 2 –1 2
/
HBW 50.10232F/pD[D– ~D – d ! (1)
loading. (E28.04)
angle of bend, n—the change in the angle between the two
where:
legs of the specimen during a bend test, measured before F = test force, N,
release of the bending forces. D = diameter of ball, mm, and
d = mean diameter of the indentation, mm.
DISCUSSION—The angle of bend is measured before release of the
DISCUSSION—In former
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E6–08a Designation:E6–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Methods of Mechanical Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE6;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating to methods of mechanical testing of solids.The general definitions are
restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to make them particularly applicable and practicable for use in standards requiring or
relating to mechanical tests. These definitions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology in product specifications.
1.2 Terms relating to fatigue and fracture testing are defined in Terminology E1823.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary of metrology—Basic and general concepts and terms (VIM)
3. Index of Cross-References and Associated Definitions
3.1 The terms listed below are associated with terminology that is fundamental or commonly used. The definition for the term
of interest is related to or is given below the definition for the fundamental term cited.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.91 on Terminology
except where designated otherwise. A subcommittee designation in parentheses following a definition indicates the subcommittee with responsibility for that definition.
Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2008.2009. Published December 2008.January 2009. Originally approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
E6–08a.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E6–09
Term
angular strain see strain
axial strain see strain
bending strain see strain
chord modulus see modulus of elasticity
direct verification see verification
compressive stress see stress
elastic constants see modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s
ratio
elastic modulus see modulus of elasticity
engineering strain see strain
engineering stress see stress
fracture stress see stress
indirect verification see verification
linear (tensile or compressive) strain see strain
macrostrain see strain
malleability see ductility
microstrain see strain
modulus of rigidity see modulus of elasticity
nominal stress see stress
normal stress see stress
physical properties see mechanical properties
pin see mandrel (in bend testing)
plunger see mandrel (in bend testing)
principal stress see stress
residual strain see strain
residual stress see stress
Rockwell superficial see Rockwell hardness number
hardness number
secant modulus see modulus of elasticity
shear strain see strain
shear stress see stress
static fatigue strength see creep rupture strength
strain gauge fatigue life see fatigue life
stress-rupture strength see creep rupture strength
tangent modulus see modulus of elasticity
tensile stress see stress
torsional modulus see modulus of elasticity
torsional stress see stress
transverse strain see strain
true strain see strain
true stress see stress
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) see tensile strength
yield strength see also upper yield strength and lower
yield strength
4. Terminology
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
accuracy, n—the permissible variation from the correct value. (E28.01)
alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine and load train (including the test specimen) that influences the introduction of
bending moments into a specimen during tensile loading. (E28.04)
angle of bend, n—the change in the angle between the two legs of the specimen during a bend test, measured before release of
the
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E6–08a Designation:E6–09
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Methods of Mechanical Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE6;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating to methods of mechanical testing of solids.The general definitions are
restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to make them particularly applicable and practicable for use in standards requiring or
relating to mechanical tests. These definitions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology in product specifications.
1.2 Terms relating to fatigue and fracture testing are defined in Terminology E1823.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary of metrology—Basic and general concepts and terms (VIM)
3. Index of Cross-References and Associated Definitions
3.1 The terms listed below are associated with terminology that is fundamental or commonly used. The definition for the term
of interest is related to or is given below the definition for the fundamental term cited.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.91 on Terminology
except where designated otherwise. A subcommittee designation in parentheses following a definition indicates the subcommittee with responsibility for that definition.
Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2008.2009. Published December 2008.January 2009. Originally approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
E6–08a.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E6–09
Term
angular strain see strain
axial strain see strain
bending strain see strain
chord modulus see modulus of elasticity
direct verification see verification
compressive stress see stress
elastic constants see modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s
ratio
elastic modulus see modulus of elasticity
engineering strain see strain
engineering stress see stress
fracture stress see stress
indirect verification see verification
linear (tensile or compressive) strain see strain
macrostrain see strain
malleability see ductility
microstrain see strain
modulus of rigidity see modulus of elasticity
nominal stress see stress
normal stress see stress
physical properties see mechanical properties
pin see mandrel (in bend testing)
plunger see mandrel (in bend testing)
principal stress see stress
residual strain see strain
residual stress see stress
Rockwell superficial see Rockwell hardness number
hardness number
secant modulus see modulus of elasticity
shear strain see strain
shear stress see stress
static fatigue strength see creep rupture strength
strain gauge fatigue life see fatigue life
stress-rupture strength see creep rupture strength
tangent modulus see modulus of elasticity
tensile stress see stress
torsional modulus see modulus of elasticity
torsional stress see stress
transverse strain see strain
true strain see strain
true stress see stress
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) see tensile strength
yield strength see also upper yield strength and lower
yield strength
4. Terminology
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
accuracy, n—the permissible variation from the correct value. (E28.01)
alignment, n—the condition of a testing machine and load train (including the test specimen) that influences the introduction of
bending moments into a specimen during tensile loading. (E28.04)
angle of bend, n—the change in the angle between the two legs of the specimen during a bend test, measured before release of
the
...