ASTM D3730-17(2022)

Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the selection and use of test methods for high-performance interior architectural wall coatings (HIPAC) designed for wall surfaces of steel, masonry (poured concrete, concrete block, or cinder block), and plaster or gypsum wallboard. HIPAC are tough, extra-durable organic coating systems applied as continuous (seamless) film and cure to a hard finish. HIPAC are not usually intended for ceilings and floors, and would not ordinarily be used in homes. The types of resin ordinarily used are epoxy-polyamide, two-package; polyester-epoxy, twopackage; and polyurethane, one-package or two-package. Practical requirements for HIPAC vary with substrate type and climate conditions. The tests for measuring the properties enumerated below are detailed. Liquid coating properties include: (1) skinning, (2) condition in container, (3) coarse particles and foreign matter, (4) density or weight per gallon, (5) fineness of dispersion, (6) odor, (7) flash point, (8) dilution stability, (9) volatile content, (10) free diisocyanate content, and (11) package stability. Coating application and film formation properties include: (1) brush, roller, and spray application properties, (2) rheological properties, (3) curing, (4) wet-film thickness, and (5) touch-up uniformity. Dry coating appearance includes: (1) color difference, (2) directional reference, (3) gloss, (4) hiding power, and (5) yellowness index. Dry coating properties include: (1) abrasion resistance, (2) adhesion, (3) impact resistance, (4) chemical resistance, (5) washability and cleansability, (6) mildew resistance, (7) perspiration resistance, (8) heat and cold resistance, (9) heat and humidity resistance, (10) fire hazards, and (11) dry-film thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of test methods for high-performance interior architectural wall coatings (HIPAC) that differ from more conventional coatings by being tougher, more stain-resistant, more abrasion-resistant and, ordinarily, designed to be applied to wall surfaces of steel, masonry (poured concrete, concrete block, or cinder block), and plaster or gypsum wallboard. The tests that are listed in Table 1 and Table 2 are designed to measure performance properties. These tests may not all be required for each HIPAC system. Selection of the test methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.  
1.2 High-performance architectural coatings are tough, extra-durable organic coating systems that are applied as a continuous (seamless) film and cure to a hard finish. The finish can be high gloss, semigloss, or low gloss as desired. These coatings are resistant to persistent heat, humidity, abrasion, staining, chemicals, and fungus growth. They are used in areas where humidity, wear, or unusual chemical resistance requirements, particularly to soiling, are required and where strong detergents are used to maintain sanitary conditions. Halls and stairways in public buildings, lavatories, stall showers, locker areas, animal pens, and biological laboratories are typical applications. In addition, food processing plants, dairies, restaurants, schools, and transport terminals frequently use HIPAC systems. These are effective in many areas of building interiors compared with tile and are of low materials and maintenance costs. They are used as a complete system only as recommended by the manufacturer since the individual coats in a system are formulated to be compatible with each other. HIPAC systems should be applied only to properly prepared surfaces such as steel or masonry, including cinder blocks and cement blocks. They can be applied over plaster and gypsum wallboard. Ordinarily, a prime or fill coat, if required, is part of the system.  
1.3 While they are excellent for walls, HIPAC are not usually intended for ceilings and floors. They would not ordinarily be used ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2022
• ICS: 87.040 - Paints and varnishes
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.42 - Architectural Coatings

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D7488-11(2024) - Standard Test Method for Open Time of Latex Paints
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2369-24 - Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4958-24 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4213-24 - Standard Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Paints by Abrasion Weight Loss
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2794-93(2024) - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D16-24 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E84-23d - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D4287-00(2023) - Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E84-23c - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D93-20 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1212-91(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness of Organic Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D2247-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100 % Relative Humidity
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1005-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1347-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM E84-19b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019

Overview

ASTM D3730-17(2022), "Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings" (HIPAC), provides comprehensive guidance for the selection and use of test methods relevant to advanced, durable wall coatings. Published by ASTM International, this standard is critical for manufacturers, specifiers, and building professionals seeking to ensure that HIPAC products meet stringent performance criteria. HIPAC coatings are formulated for tough environments, offering resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and frequent cleaning, and are primarily applied to steel, masonry, plaster, and gypsum wallboard surfaces in commercial and institutional settings.

Key Topics

This standard guide addresses a broad array of testing procedures and performance properties for high-performance wall coatings:

• Liquid Coating Properties: Procedures for assessing skinning, density, fineness of dispersion, odor, flash point, volatile content, and more.
• Application and Film Formation: Evaluations of brush, roller, and spray application, rheological behavior, curing, wet-film thickness, and touch-up uniformity.
• Appearance of Dry Coating: Methods for determining color difference, gloss, hiding power, and yellowness index.
• Dry Film Properties: Testing for abrasion, adhesion, impact, chemical resistance, washability, mildew and perspiration resistance, as well as heat, cold, and humidity resistance, fire hazards, and dry-film thickness.
• Substrate and Environmental Considerations: Guidance on adapting test selection and performance expectations to various substrate types (steel, masonry, gypsum board) and climate conditions.

Applications

High-performance interior architectural coatings are engineered for demanding environments where walls are subjected to frequent wear, cleaning, moisture, and potential chemical exposure. This includes:

• Public Buildings: Halls, stairways, lavatories, lockers, and shower areas.
• Educational Facilities: Schools and universities, where durability and ease of cleaning are vital.
• Healthcare and Laboratory Environments: Biological labs and animal pens that require resistance to soiling, wear, and strong detergents.
• Food Processing and Hospitality: Food plants, dairies, restaurants, and transport terminals benefit from seamless, sanitary surfaces.
• Industrial Installations: Any setting requiring coatings that outperform conventional paints in terms of abrasion, chemical resistance, and hygiene.

This standard is not normally intended for residential use or for application on ceilings and floors, focusing instead on vertical surfaces in high-use, high-humidity, or chemically intensive areas.

Related Standards

ASTM D3730-17(2022) references and relies on numerous other ASTM and Federal test methods to ensure comprehensive evaluation and specification of HIPAC systems, including but not limited to:

• ASTM D1475 - Density of Liquid Coatings
• ASTM D4060 - Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings
• ASTM D4541 - Pull-Off Strength (Adhesion) of Coatings
• ASTM D2486 - Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints
• ASTM D523 - Specular Gloss
• ASTM D3273 - Mildew Resistance of Interior Coatings
• ASTM D2369 - Volatile Content of Coatings
• Federal Test Method Standard No. 141 - Various application and appearance properties

Manufacturers and specifiers are encouraged to select appropriate tests based on substrate, intended service conditions, and project requirements, always ensuring compatibility within the complete HIPAC system.

Practical Value

By following ASTM D3730-17(2022), organizations can:

• Demonstrate compliance with rigorous performance requirements for safety, durability, and hygiene.
• Ensure product consistency through standardized test procedures and property verification.
• Increase confidence among clients and stakeholders by referencing an internationally recognized standard.
• Streamline specification and procurement, reducing risks associated with unsuitable or underperforming coatings.

The guide is essential for anyone involved in high-performance wall coating specification, quality assurance, product development, or regulatory compliance in commercial, institutional, and industrial settings.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3730 − 17 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3730; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope blocksandcementblocks.Theycanbeappliedoverplasterand
gypsum wallboard. Ordinarily, a prime or fill coat, if required,
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of test methods
is part of the system.
for high-performance interior architectural wall coatings
1.3 While they are excellent for walls, HIPAC are not
(HIPAC) that differ from more conventional coatings by being
usually intended for ceilings and floors. They would not
tougher, more stain-resistant, more abrasion-resistant and,
ordinarily be used in homes, although parents with small
ordinarily, designed to be applied to wall surfaces of steel,
children might want to use HIPAC coatings on some walls.
masonry (poured concrete, concrete block, or cinder block),
and plaster or gypsum wallboard. The tests that are listed in
1.4 The types of resin ordinarily used are the following:
Table 1 and Table 2 are designed to measure performance
epoxy-polyamide, two-package; polyester-epoxy, two-
properties.These tests may not all be required for each HIPAC
package; polyurethane, one-package or two-package.
system. Selection of the test methods to be followed must be
However, other resin types are not excluded provided they can
governed by experience and the requirements in each indi-
meet the requirements (performance specifications) laid down
vidual case, together with agreement between the purchaser
by the purchaser.
and the seller.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.2 High-performance architectural coatings are tough,
extra-durable organic coating systems that are applied as a only.
continuous(seamless)filmandcuretoahardfinish.Thefinish
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
can be high gloss, semigloss, or low gloss as desired. These
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
coatings are resistant to persistent heat, humidity, abrasion,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
staining, chemicals, and fungus growth.They are used in areas
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
where humidity, wear, or unusual chemical resistance
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
requirements, particularly to soiling, are required and where
For a specific hazard statement, see the note in 7.6.
strong detergents are used to maintain sanitary conditions.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Halls and stairways in public buildings, lavatories, stall
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
showers, locker areas, animal pens, and biological laboratories
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
are typical applications. In addition, food processing plants,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
dairies, restaurants, schools, and transport terminals frequently
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
use HIPAC systems. These are effective in many areas of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
building interiors compared with tile and are of low materials
and maintenance costs. They are used as a complete system
2. Referenced Documents
onlyasrecommendedbythemanufacturersincetheindividual
2.1 ASTM Standards:
coats in a system are formulated to be compatible with each
D16TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
other. HIPAC systems should be applied only to properly
Applications
prepared surfaces such as steel or masonry, including cinder
D93Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D3730–17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3730-17R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3730 − 17 (2022)
TABLE 1 List of Standards in Sectional Order
Federal
Test
Property ASTM
Section Method
(or Related Test) Test Method
Standard
No. 141
Sampling: 5.2 D3925 .
Liquid Paint Properties:
Skinning 7.1 D154
Condition in container 7.2 . 3011
Coarse particles and foreign matter 7.3 D185
Density or weight per gallon 7.4 D1475
Fineness of dispersion 7.5 D1210
Flash point 7.7 D93, D3278
Dilution stability 7.8 . 4203
Volatile content 7.9 D2369 .
Free diisocyanate content 7.10 D3432 .
Package stability 7.11
Heat stability 7.11.1 D1849
Settling 7.11.2 D869
Color Acceptance 7.12 D5326
Coating Application and Film Formation:
Application properties 8.1 . 4541
Brush application 8.1.1 . 2141
Brush drag 8.1.1.1 D4958 .
Roller application 8.1.2 . 2112
Roller spatter 8.1.2.1 D4707 .
Spray application 8.1.3 . 2131
Open time 8.1.4 D7488
Rheological properties 8.2 . .
Consistency (low-shear viscosity) 8.2.1 D562 .
Rheological properties of non-Newtonian liquids 8.2.2 D2196, D4287 .
Sag resistance 8.2.3 D4400 .
Leveling properties 8.2.4 D4062 .
Curing properties 8.3 . .
Wet-film thickness 8.4 D1212 .
Touch-up uniformity 8.5 D3928, D7489
Low Temperature Coalescence 8.6 D3793, D7306
Enamel holdout 8.7 D7786
Appearance of Dry Coating:
Color appearance 9.1.1 . .
Color differences by visual comparison 9.1.2 D1729 .
Color differences using instrumental 9.1.3 D2244 .
measurements
Directional reflectance 9.2 E1347 .
Gloss, 60° 9.3 D523 .
Hiding power 9.4 D344, D2805, D5150 .
Yellowness index 9.5 E313
Properties of Dry Film:
Abrasion resistance 10.1 D4060 .
Adhesion 10.2 D4541 .
Wet Adhesion 10.2.1 D6900 6301
Impact resistance 10.3 D2794 .
Chemical resistance 10.4 D1308 .
Washability and cleansability 10.5 . .
Washability 10.5.1 D2486, D4213 .
Cleansability 10.5.2 D3450, D4828 .
Stainblocking 10.6 D7514
Mildew resistance 10.7 D3273 .
Perspiration resistance 10.8 . .
Heat and cold resistance 10.9 D1211 .
Heat and humidity resistance 10.10 D2247 .
Fire hazards 10.11 E84
Dry-film thickness 10.12 D1005, D1186, D1400
Burnish Resistance 10.13 D6736
D3730 − 17 (2022)
TABLE 2 Alphabetical List of Test Methods
Federal Test
ASTM Method
Test Method Section
Test Method Standard
No. 141
Abrasion resistance 10.1 D4060
Adhesion 10.2 D4541 .
Application properties 8.1 . 4541
Brush application 8.1.1 . 2141
Brush drag 8.1.1.1 D4958 .
Burnish Resistance 10.13 D6736
A
Chemical resistance 10.4 D1308 .
Cleansability 10.5.2 D3450, D4828 .
Coarse particles and foreign matter 7.3 D185
Color Acceptance 7.12 D5326
Color appearance 9.1.1 . .
Color differences by visual comparison 9.1.2 D1729 .
Color differences using instrumental 9.1.3 D2244 .
measurements
Condition in container 7.2 . 3011
Consistency (low-shear viscosity) 8.2.1 D562 .
Curing properties 8.3 . .
Density or weight per gallon 7.4 D1475 .
Dilution stability 7.8 . 4203
Directional reflectance 8.2 E1347 .
Dry-film thickness 10.12 D1005, D1186, D1400 .
Enamel holdout 8.7 D7786
Fineness of dispersion 7.5 D1210 .
Fire hazards 10.11 E84
Flash point 7.7 D93, D3278 .
Free diisocyanate content 7.10 D3432
Gloss (60-deg specular) 9.3 D523
A
Heat and cold resistance 10.9 D1211 .
A
Heat and humidity resistance 10.10 D2247 .
Heat stability 7.11.1 D1849
Hiding power 9.4 D344, D2805, D5150 .
Impact resistance 10.3 . .
Leveling properties 8.2.4 D4062 .
Low Temperature Coalescence 8.6 D3793, D7306 .
Mildew resistance 10.7 D3273 .
Open time of latex 8.1.4 D7488
Package stability 7.11
Perspiration resistance 10.8 . .
Rheological properties of non-Newtonian liquids 8.2.2 D2196, D4287 .
Roller application 8.1.2 . 2112
Roller spatter 8.1.2.1 D4707 .
Sag resistance 8.2.3 D4400 .
Sampling 5.2 D3925 .
Settling 7.11.2 D869
Skinning 7.1 D154
Spray application 8.3 . 2131
Stainblocking 10.6 D7514
Touch-up uniformity 8.5 D3928, D7489
Volatile content 7.9 D2369 .
Washability 10.5.1 D2486, D4213 .
Wet Adhesion 10.2.1 D6900 6301
Wet-film thickness 8.4 D1212 .
Yellowness index 9.5 E313
A
Modified.
D3730 − 17 (2022)
D154Guide for Testing of Varnishes (Withdrawn 2018) Architectural Coatings
D185Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments D3793Test Method for Low-Temperature Coalescence of
D344Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by Latex Paint Films by Porosity Measurement (Withdrawn
3 3
the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts (Withdrawn 2018) 2012)
D523Test Method for Specular Gloss D3925Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
D562Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Pigmented Coatings
KrebsUnit(KU)ViscosityUsingaStormer-TypeViscom- D3928Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
eter Uniformity
D869TestMethodforEvaluatingDegreeofSettlingofPaint D4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
D1005Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick- Coatings by the Taber Abraser
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers D4062Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
D1186Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Method
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic CoatingsApplied to D4213Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Paints by
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006) Abrasion Weight Loss
D1210Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment- D4287TestMethodforHigh-ShearViscosityUsingaCone/
Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage Plate Viscometer
D1211Test Method for Temperature-Change Resistance of D4400Test Method for Sag Resistance of Paints Using a
Clear Nitrocellulose Lacquer Films Applied to Wood Multinotch Applicator
(Withdrawn 2006) D4541Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using
D1212Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick- Portable Adhesion Testers
ness of Organic Coatings D4585Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
D1296Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and Using Controlled Condensation
Diluents (Withdrawn 2021) D4707Test Method for Measuring Paint Spatter Resistance
D1308Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on During Roller Application
Clear and Pigmented Coating Systems D4828Test Methods for Practical Washability of Organic
D1400TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry Coatings
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a D4958Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006) Latex Paints
D1475Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, D5150Test Method for Hiding Power of Architectural
and Related Products Paints Applied by Roller
D1729Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color D5326Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials Paints
D1849Test Method for Package Stability of Paint D6736Test Method for Burnish Resistance of Latex Paints
D2196Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non- D6900Test Method for Wet Adhesion of Latex Paints to a
Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer Gloss Alkyd Enamel Substrate
D2244Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and D7306 Practice for Testing Low Temperature Film-
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Formation of Latex Paints by Visual Observation
Coordinates D7488Test Method for Open Time of Latex Paints
D2247Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in D7489Practice for Evaluating Touch-Up Properties of Ar-
100% Relative Humidity chitectural Coatings under Various Environmental Condi-
D2369Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings tions
D2486Test Methods for Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints D7514Test Method for Evaluating Ink Stainblocking of
D2794Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to Architectural Paint Systems by Visual Assessment
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact) D7786Test Method for Determining Enamel Holdout
D2805Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec- E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
tometry Building Materials
D3273TestMethodforResistancetoGrowthofMoldonthe E105Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Cham- E313Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness
ber Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D3278Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small E1347Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
D3432Test Method for UnreactedToluene Diisocyanates in
2.2 U.S. Federal Standard:
Urethane Prepolymers and Coating Solutions by Gas
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141
Chromatography (Withdrawn 2004)
2112Application by Roller
D3450Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.astm.org. www.access.gpo.gov.
D3730 − 17 (2022)
2131Application of Sprayed Films coverage, and curing time under standard conditions of tem-
2141Application of Brushed Films perature and humidity.
3011Condition in Container
7. Liquid Coating Properties
4203Reducibility and Dilution Stability
4541Working Properties and Appearance of Dried Film
7.1 Skinning—Coatings that contain a binder that dries by
6141Washability of Paints
oxidation may be subject to skin formation in a partially filled
6142Scrub Resistance
can. Since skins are insoluble in the material they must be
6301Wet Adhesion
removed before use. The referenced test in a partially filled
container indicates the tendency of the material to skin. A
2.3 U. S. Federal Specification:
typical minimum time for skinning in accordance with this
TT-F-1098Filler, Block Solvent-Thinned for Porous Sur-
methodis48h.Examinetheoriginalsampleforskins,bothon
faces
andbelowthesurface.Usingawell-mixedskin-freeportionof
3. Terminology the sample, perform a skinning test in accordance with Guide
D154, Section 10.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these practices, refer 7.2 Condition in Container—Thickening, pigment settling,
to Terminology D16.
and separation are undesirable and objectionable if a coating,
after storage, cannot be readily reconditioned and made suit-
4. Conditions Affecting Performance of HIPAC Coating
able for application with a reasonable amount of stirring. The
Systems
referenced method covers procedures for determining changes
in properties after storage and lists characteristics that are
4.1 Practical requirements for high performance coatings
undesirable and objectionable in a stored coating. Determine
may vary with:
the condition in the container in accordance with Method3011
4.1.1 Substrate type such as concrete, poured or precast
of Federal Test Method Standard No. 141.
block, lime-gypsum plaster, etc.
4.1.2 Climaticconditions,bothgenerallyandspecifically,at
7.3 Coarse Particles and Foreign Matter—Liquid coatings
the time of coating application.ASTM standard conditions for
mustbefreeofcoarseparticlesandforeignmattertobeableto
laboratory testing are 73.5°F 6 3.5°F (23°C 6 2°C) and
form uniform films of good appearance, a typical maximum
50% 6 5% relative humidity.
being 0.5 weight % of the total material. The referenced
method with a 325-mesh (45-µm) screen gives the percent of
5. Sampling
these particles. Determine content of coarse particles and
foreign matter in accordance with Test Methods D185, except
5.1 Prior to sampling, establish the condition of the con-
using methyl ethyl ketone, xylene or other appropriate solvent
tainer since damage to it may cause evaporation, skinning, or
as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
other undesirable effects. Excessive storage time and tempera-
ture fluctuations may cause settling or changes in viscosity.
7.4 Density or Weight per Gallon—Thedensitymeasuredin
pounds per gallon (kilograms per litre=g⁄mL) is used to
5.2 Sample in accordance with Practice D3925. Determine
ensure product uniformity from batch to batch, provides a
thedensityinpoundspergallon(kilograms/litre)inaccordance
check against the theoretical weight calculated from the
with Test Method D1475. Continue sampling and determining
formula, and is useful for determining the similarity of two
density until successive results agree within 0.1 lb (45 g) or as
samples. The referenced method gives a procedure for mea-
agreed upon between the purchaser and seller. Then take
suring the density of the coating at a specified temperature.
samples for testing.
Most coatings have densities of about 10lb⁄gal to 12 lb/gal
5.3 Specifytheamountrequiredforarepresentativesample,
(1.2kg⁄L to 1.4 kg/L). Determine density in accordance with
the package sizes, and an identification code. A 1U.S. gal (or
Test Method D1475, using a calibrated weight per gallon cup.
4L)sampleisusuallysufficientfortherecommendedtests,but
7.5 Fineness of Dispersion—Generally, the more finely a
for guidance in selecting a sampling plan consult Practice
pigment is dispersed the more effectively it is being utilized.
E105.
Onemethodformeasuringthedegreeofdispersion(commonly
6. Laboratory Tests referred to as “fineness of grind”) is to draw the liquid coating
down a calibrated tapered groove varying in depth from 4mils
6.1 Preparation of Test Panels:
to 0 mils (100µm to 0 µm) (0–8 Hegman units). The depth at
6.1.1 Unlessotherwisespecified,testpanelsshallbe40mm
which continuous groupings of particles or agglomerates, or
1 1 1
by 190mm by 395mm (1 ⁄2 in. by 7 ⁄2 in. by 15 ⁄2in.)
both, protrude through the surface of the wet film is taken as
masonry units made from standard lightweight concrete block,
the fineness of dispersion value. Higher readings in Hegman
having an apparent specific gravity of 1.60 to 1.62.
units or lower readings in mils or micrometres indicate finer
6.1.2 Onefaceonlyofthetestpanelshallbecoatedwiththe
dispersion. A typical fineness requirement for HIPAC is
complete system, in a vertical position. The filler shall either
1.5mils (5 Hegman or 40 µm). Determine fineness of disper-
comply with U.S. Federal Specification TT-F-1098 or be the
sion in accordance with Test Method D1210.
material specified and supplied by the manufacturer. The filler
coat shall be applied in conformance with the manufacturer’s 7.6 Odor—Some solvent combinations produce obnoxious
printed directions for surface preparation, mixing, application, odors, particularly when painting indoors with inadequate
D3730 − 17 (2022)
ventilation and at elevated temperatures.Although not specifi- ring in a control kept at normal temperatures for a longer
cally designed for liquid coatings,Test Method D1296 may be period. When testing for heat stability, as such, changes in
usedwiththesolvent-reducibletype.(Warning—Eventhough viscosity, flow, gloss, foam resistance, color uniformity, and
the odor may be pleasant, the fumes may be dangerously wet adhesion are usually checked. Determine heat stability in
toxic.)
accordance with Test Method D1849.
7.11.2 Settling—Modern coatings are generally resistant to
7.7 Flash Point—Organic solvents used in coatings have
hard settling, but do at times show separation and soft settling.
characteristictemperaturesatwhichtheywillsupportcombus-
The referenced method covers the degree of pigment suspen-
tion. This temperature is known as the flash point. It is often
sion in and ease of remixing of a shelf-aged specimen to a
usedfordangerclassificationinshipmentbycommoncarriers.
homogeneous condition suitable for the intended use. Deter-
It is also used to determine conditions of storage to meet fire
mine settling in accordance with Test Method D869.
regulations and also the safety requirements of the U.S.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Determine the
7.12 Colorant Acceptance—Tintability of paint bases with
flash point in accordance with Part B of Test Methods D93 or
colorants of standardized tinting strength is a trade require-
Test Methods D3278.
ment. If tinting colors are not adequately compatible with tint
7.8 Dilution Stability—Dilution with a specific thinner
bases, lighter, darker, or non-uniform shades of colors are
shows whether the materials are compatible and whether the
produced. Suitable test methods should be agreed upon be-
reduced coating is stable. Consequently the suggested diluent
tween the purchaser and the seller. Determination of color
should be readily incorporated into the coating without exces-
development of a tinted paint may be accomplished by
sive stirring or shaking. The referenced method evaluates the
following Test Method D5326.
stability of the material that has been reduced by a given
amount or to a specified viscosity. Determine dilution stability
8. HIPAC Application and Film Formation
in accordance with Method4203 of Federal Test Method
8.1 Application Properties—Application or working prop-
Standard No. 141.
erties of a coating are generally compared to a standard or
7.9 Volatile Content (Weight Percent)—Calculate the vola-
described by requirements in the product specification. Deter-
tile content of the coating by difference after determining the
mine working properties in accordance with Method4541 of
nonvolatile content in accordance with Test Methods D2369.
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141.
7.10 Free Diisocyanate Content—It is generally recognized
8.1.1 Brush Application—Brushed films should be smooth
that diisocyanate vapors from polyurethane-type HIPAC coat-
and free of seeds and on vertical surfaces should show no
ings are potential health hazards. Therefore, the free diisocya-
sagging, color streaking, or excessive brush marks. Brush drag
nate content of urethane coating systems must be controlled at
should not be excessive although some degree of drag may be
an acceptable maximum level, the present accepted maximum
desirable for adequate film thickness application.Wall finishes
being 0.5% based on total coating weight, which is applicable
are tested on vertical surfaces and floor coatings on horizontal
only to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diiso-
surfaces, although evaluation of the latter on vertical surfaces
cyanate (HMDI). It has not been shown that this level is
may be necessary to determine performance on stair risers,
applicable to all diisocyanates. Determine free toluene diiso-
railings, posts, etc. The referenced method covers a means for
cyanate content in accordance with Test Method D3432. See
thedeterminationofthebrushingpropertiesofacoating.Even
Note 1 in Test Method D3432 about other diisocyanates.
though the test is subjective, someone experienced in the art
can produce quite consistent results. Determine brushing prop-
7.11 Package Stability—Since coatings are normally not
ertiesinaccordancewithMethod2141ofFederalTestMethod
used immediately after manufacture, they must remain stable
Standard No. 141.
in the can for some time. At normal temperatures most
solvent-borne coatings can be stored for over a year with little 8.1.1.1 Brush Drag—As the brush drag (resistance encoun-
change in properties. However, exposure in uninsulated tered when applying a coating by brush) increases, any natural
warehouses, or during shipping to high temperatures in the tendency of the painter to overspread the material is reduced.
summer, may cause unacceptable changes in these products. Allotherfactorsbeingconstant,increasedbrushdragresultsin
Anotherunsatisfactoryconditionthatmayoccurduringstorage greaterfilmthicknesswithconsequentimprovementsinhiding
is excessive settling. and film durability. Conversely, increasing brush drag too
7.11.1 Heat Stability—Exposure to high temperatures can much can cause difficulties in spreading the coating easily and
be used to test for the stability of a packaged coating that uniformly,leadingtoexcessivesagging,prolongeddryingtime
frequently encounters such conditions in service, or as an and,inhighly-pigmentedcoatings,possiblyto“mud-cracking”
accelerated test to predict stability at normal temperatures.
...