ASTM D7592-10

Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It defines a specific type of lead-free aviation gasoline; however, this specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. It is possible that certain equipment or conditions of use can bring about a wider or require a narrower range of characteristics than what is shown in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.
1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified herein is for certification and testing of an engine and engine components.
1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibration and FAA certification.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2010
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D7592-14 - Standard Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Referred By: ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7592 −10 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Specification for
Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Certification and Test Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)
D614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
Fuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
(Withdrawn 1970)
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation
(Potential Residue Method)
gasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolines
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
specification.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
1.3 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)
time and place of delivery.
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified herein is for
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
certification and testing of an engine and engine components.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibration
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviation
and FAA certification.
and Distillate Fuels
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Ignition Engine Fuel
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
standard.
Ignition Engine Fuel
D3237 TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
2. Referenced Documents
tion Spectroscopy
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
tion of Aviation Fuels
Atmospheric Pressure
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
D323 TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
Petroleum Products
(Reid Method)
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
tion of Aviation Fuels
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. DOI:
10.1520/D7592–10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7592−10
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision 5.2.1.1 2, 6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.
Method) 5.2.1.2 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec- 5.2.1.3 2, 6-ditertiary butylphenol.
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems 5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2, 6-ditertiary butylphenol plus
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels 5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec- 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.
troscopy 5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary
ucts (Automatic Method) butylphenols.
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- 5.2.1.7 N,N’-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
ucts (Mini Method) 5.2.1.8 N,N’-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con- 5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)—One of the fol-
taining a Non-hydrocarbon Component lowing may be used:
D6469 GuideforMicrobialContaminationinFuelsandFuel 5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance
Systems with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). This
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to may be used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft
Determine Conformance with Specifications manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
NOTE2—Additionofisopropylalcohol(IPA)mayreduceknockratings
3. Terminology
below minimum specification values in a similar manner to Specification
3.1 Definitions: D910 Leaded Aviation Gasoline (see X1.2.3).
3.1.1 unleaded aviation gasoline, n—gasoline possessing
5.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),
specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by
conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type
reciprocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not inten-
III), may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %
tionally added for the purpose of enhancing octane perfor-
when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
mance.
5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Principal properties include volatility
concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for
5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 in con-
which it is intended, and suitability for low temperature
centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel
performance.
conductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-
ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum
4. Classification
cumulative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.
4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,
5.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Additive—The following corro-
known as:
sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations
Grade UL94
not to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
listed for each additive.
NOTE 1—The above grade is based on its octane number as measured
by Test Method D2700 motor method.
DCI-4A MAC = 24.0 g/m
DCI-6A MAC = 15.0 g/m
5. Materials and Manufacture HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m
NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m
5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci-
NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m
UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m
fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined
SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m
hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline,
TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m
or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic
TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m
hydrocarbons, or both.
6. Detailed Requirements
5.2 Additives—These may be added to each grade of un-
6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to the
leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
specified in the following list of approved materials. The
quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. 6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be
than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
declared. shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
5.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors may
determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a
be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in total test result may be rounded to the same number of significant
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple
weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) have be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1256.
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., Innospec
Research Report RR:D02-1125. Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
D7592−10
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
B
Octane Ratings Grade 94 ASTM Test Method
C
Knock value, Motor Octane Number min 94.0 D2700
Knock value, Research Octane Num- min Report D2699
C
ber
Identifying Color colorless
Density at 15°C, kg/m Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Initial boiling point, °C Report
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 75
40 volume % at °C min 75
50 volume % at °C max 105
90 volume % at °C max 135
Final boiling point, °C max 170
Sum of 10%+50% evaporated min 135
temperatures, °C
Recovery volume % min 97
Residue volume % max 1.5
Loss volume % max 1.5
D
Vapor pressure, 38°C, kPa min 38.0 D323 or D5190 or D5191
max 49.0
E
Freezing point,°C max -58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622
F
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 43.5 D4529 or D3338
Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100°C max No. 1 D130
G
Oxidation stability(5 h aging) D873
Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6
Water reaction D1094
Volume change, mL max ±2
H
Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450 D2624
Tetraethyl Lead, g Pb/L max 0.0130 D3237 or D5059
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
Knock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.
D
Test Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.
E
If no crystals have appeared on cooling to –58°C, the freezing point may be reported as less than –58°C.
F
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,
Test Method D4809 shall be used.
G
If mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case the
gum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg/L.
H
Applies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall apply
under the condition at point of use:
Minimum 50 pS/m.
Maximum 450 pS/m.
The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.
determinationsaremade,theaverageresult,roundedaccording from sample containers. For recommended sample containers,
to Practice E29, shall be used. refer to Practice D4306.
7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
9. Reports
7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance
fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, and
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
suspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleaded
or irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity under
aviation gasoline.
usual conditions of handling and use shall be present.
10. Test Methods
8. Sampling
10.1 Therequirementsenumeratedinthisspecificationshall
8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
methods:
dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
10.1.1 Knock Value—MON (Test Method D2700) and RON
8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice
(Test Method D2699).
D4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refinery
10.1.2 Density—Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
specification compliance testing shall be performed on a
10.1.3 Distillation—Test Method D86.
sample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.
10.1.4 Vapor Pressure—Test Methods D323, D5190,or
8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties, D5191.
including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others 10.1.5 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386.
are very sensitive to trace contamination which can originate 10.1.6 Sulfur—Test Method D2622.
D7592−10
10.1.7 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Methods D4529 or 10.1.10 Water Reaction—Test Method D1094.
D3338. 10.1.11 Electrical Conductivity—Test Method D2624.
10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)—Test Method D130,2h 10.1.12 Lead-Test Methods—Test Methods D3237 or
test at 100°C in bomb. D5059 (Test Method C).
10.1.9 Potential Gum—Test Method D873, except that
11. Keywords
wherevertheletterXoccurs(referringtooxidationtime)insert
the number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in 11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;
this specification. unleaded aviation gasoline
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE
X1.1 Introduction aircraft engines. This knock, if permitted to continue for more
than brief periods, may result in serious loss of power and
X1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture of
damage to, or destruction of, the aircraft engine. When
relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in their
unleaded aviation gasoline is used in other types of aviation
physical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraft
engines, for example, in c
...