ASTM E1331-15(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E1331 −15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
of Materials
ment of the reflection properties and color of object-color
E284 Terminology of Appearance
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
rimeterwithahemisphericalopticalmeasuringsystem,suchas
the CIE System
an integrating sphere.
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
color specimens. However, it should not be used for retrore-
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
flective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss sur-
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
faces should preferably not be measured by use of this
Color Evaluation
geometry.
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing sphere.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
measurement.
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
Coordinates
compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Practice E308, Procedure).
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1331 – 15. DOI:
5. Significance and Use
10.1520/E1331-15R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1331−15 (2019)
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys- 6.2.1 White standard, of hemispherical reflectance factor
tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure- (mandatory). (A standard of bidirectional reflectance factor is
ment by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical not satisfactory and should not be used.)
optical measuring system. 6.2.2 Calibration standards, for (1) setting or verifying zero
on the photometric scale; (2) verifying the wavelength scale;
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
and (3) evaluating stray light (optional).
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses
6.2.3 Verification standards, (recommended) (Practice
(Guide E179 and Practice E805):
E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for
use in computer colorant formulation.
7. Specimen Selection
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens
specimens, the specular component should generally be ex-
with the following properties:
cluded during the measurement.
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishes
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-
in the area to be measured,
gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including
7.1.2 Opaquespecimensthathaveatleastoneplanesurface,
textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be
and
distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be
7.1.3 Translucent specimens that have two essentially plane
made with the specular component included, but the resulting
and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when
color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments
one is specified (Practice E1164, Test Specimens).
of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or
0/45, may lead to better correlations.
8. Calibration and Verification
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss
8.1 Set the instrument for inclusion or exclusion of the
(matte) specimens, the specular component may either be
specular component of reflection; set the same as will be used
excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results
in 8.4 (if carried out) or 9.1.
should be apparent.
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assess- 8.2 Calibrate or verify the calibration of the following
ment. For this application, the specular component should (Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards):
generally be included during the measurement.
8.2.1 Zero setting of the reflectance scale (mandatory),
8.2.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement
8.2.3 Stray-light level (optional).
of the following types of specimens, for which the use of
bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is prefer-
8.3 Calibrate the full-scale value of the reflectance scale of
able (Guide E179):
the instrument by use of the white reflectance standard (man-
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,
datory). Follow the instrument manufacturer’s instructions.
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and
8.4 Verifytheaccuracyoftheinstrumentaldatabymeasure-
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E991).
ment of a series of verification standards (recommended)
5.3.3.1 When there is doubt as to whether the specular
(Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
component of reflection should be included or excluded, both
Select the appropriate color scales, observer, and illuminant for
measurements should be made, and the results correlated with
the computation of color coordinates before measurement.
visual judgments. Thereafter, the method with higher visual
correlation should be utilized. NOTE 1—If the verification standards require a different selection of
including or excluding the specular component than does 9.1, select
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1331 − 15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
of Materials
ment of the reflection properties and color of object-color
E284 Terminology of Appearance
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using
rimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as
the CIE System
an integrating sphere.
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
color specimens. However, it should not be used for retrore-
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
flective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss sur-
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-
faces should preferably not be measured by use of this
Color Evaluation
geometry.
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
using a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing sphere.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
measurement.
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
Coordinates
compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Practice E308, Procedure).
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1331 – 15. DOI:
5. Significance and Use
10.1520/E1331-15R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1331 − 15 (2019)
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys- 6.2.1 White standard, of hemispherical reflectance factor
tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure- (mandatory). (A standard of bidirectional reflectance factor is
ment by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical not satisfactory and should not be used.)
optical measuring system.
6.2.2 Calibration standards, for (1) setting or verifying zero
on the photometric scale; (2) verifying the wavelength scale;
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
and (3) evaluating stray light (optional).
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses
6.2.3 Verification standards, (recommended) (Practice
(Guide E179 and Practice E805):
E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for
use in computer colorant formulation.
7. Specimen Selection
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens
specimens, the specular component should generally be ex-
with the following properties:
cluded during the measurement.
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishes
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-
in the area to be measured,
gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including
7.1.2 Opaque specimens that have at least one plane surface,
textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be
and
distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be
7.1.3 Translucent specimens that have two essentially plane
made with the specular component included, but the resulting
and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when
color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments
one is specified (Practice E1164, Test Specimens).
of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or
0/45, may lead to better correlations.
8. Calibration and Verification
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss
8.1 Set the instrument for inclusion or exclusion of the
(matte) specimens, the specular component may either be
specular component of reflection; set the same as will be used
excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results
in 8.4 (if carried out) or 9.1.
should be apparent.
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assess- 8.2 Calibrate or verify the calibration of the following
ment. For this application, the specular component should (Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards):
generally be included during the measurement. 8.2.1 Zero setting of the reflectance scale (mandatory),
8.2.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement
8.2.3 Stray-light level (optional).
of the following types of specimens, for which the use of
bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is prefer-
8.3 Calibrate the full-scale value of the reflectance scale of
able (Guide E179):
the instrument by use of the white reflectance standard (man-
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,
datory). Follow the instrument manufacturer’s instructions.
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and
8.4 Verify the accuracy of the instrumental data by measure-
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E991).
ment of a series of verification standards (recommended)
5.3.3.1 When there is doubt as to whether the specular
(Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
component of reflection should be included or excluded, both
Select the appropriate color scales, observer, and illuminant for
measurements should be made, and the results correlated with
the computation of color coordinates before measurement.
visual judgments. Thereafter, the method with higher visual
correlation should be utilized. NOTE 1—If the verification standards require a different selection of
including or excluding the specular component than does 9.1, select the
5.3.3.2 When measurements of two specimens whose gloss,
appropriat
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1331 − 15 E1331 − 15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens
by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating
sphere.
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective
specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should
preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284, and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by using
a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2019. Published July 2015November 2019. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
E1331 – 09.E1331 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/E1331-15.10.1520/E1331-15R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1331 − 15 (2019)
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see Practice
E308, Procedure).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement
using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method
provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide
E179 and Practice E805):
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded
during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including
textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made
with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color.
The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or
included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally
be included during the measurement.
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of
bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E991).
5.3.3.1 When there is doubt as to whether the specular component of reflection should be included or excluded, both
measurements should be made, and the results correlated with visual judgments. Thereafter, the method with higher visual
correlation should be utilized.
5.3.3.2 When measurements of two specimens whose gloss, or texture, are substantially different from each other, are to be
utilized in a color-difference comparison, generally the specular component should be included in each measurement. This has the
effect of including in both measurements all the first surface reflections whether diffuse or specular. These first surface reflections
are subtracted from each other in the color-difference equation, and differences in the body color remain, which is what is usually
sought.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter, designed for the measurement of color coordinates of reflecting specimens by use
of integrating-sphere geometry.
6.2 Calibration standards, either supplied by the instrument manufacturer or obtained separately, as follows (Practice E1164,
Standardization and Material Standards):
6.2.1 White standard, of hemispherical reflectance factor (mandatory). (A standard of bidirectional reflectance factor is not
satisfactory and should not be used.)
6.2.2 Calibration standards, for (1) setting or verifying zero on the photometric scale; (2) verifying the wavelength scale; and
(3) evaluating stray light (optional).
6.2.3 Verification standards, (recommended) (Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
7. Specimen Selection
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens with the following properties:
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishes in the area to be measured,
7.1.2 Opaque specimens that have at least one plane surface, and
7.1.3 Translucent specimens that have two essentially plane and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when one
is specified (Practice E1164, Test Specimens).
8. Calibration and Verification
8.1 Set the instrument for inclusion or exclusion of the spe
...
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