ASTM C146-94a(2014)

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the compositional specification required for this raw material.  
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique used by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material or other similar material of known composition having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260, current edition.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica (SiO2)) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al2O3). Generally nonclassical, the test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R2O3 (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe2O3), titania (TiO2), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), and ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6 % total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.  
Note 1: For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.  
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Procedures for Referee Analysis:  
Section  
Silica (SiO2)—Double Dehydration  
10  
Total R2O3—Gravimetric  
11  
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, Cr2O3, by Photometric Methods and
Al2O3 by Complexiometric Titration  
12 – 17  
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia  
12  
Iron Oxide (as Fe2O3) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method  
13  
Titania (TiO2) by the Tiron Method  
14  
Alumina (Al2O3) by the CDTA Titration Method  
15  
Zirconia (ZrO2) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method  
16  
Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo-
hydrazide Method  
17  
Procedures for Routine Analysis:  
Silica (SiO2)—Single Dehydration  
19  
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec-
trophotometry  
20–25  
Na2O and K2O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry  
26-27  
Loss on Ignition (LOI)  
28  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2014
• ICS: 81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
• Technical Committee: C14 - Glass and Glass Products
• Drafting Committee: C14.02 - Chemical Properties and Analysis

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C146 − 94a (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(99%+silica (SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as
2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
much as 12 to 13% alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical,
2 3
the test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the
2. Referenced Documents
determination of silica and of total R O (see 11.2.4), and the
2 3
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe O ),
2 3
C169Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime
titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and
2 2 3 2
and Borosilicate Glass
ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths
C429Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for
and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to
Glass Manufacture
6% total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.
Sieves
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide
E50Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
interlaboratory agreement of results.
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
NOTE 1—For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Related Materials
Practices E50.
E60Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
Materials by Spectrophotometry
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:
2.2 Other Documents:
Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section
3
NISTSpecial Publication 260
Silica (SiO )—Double Dehydration 10
2
Total R O —Gravimetric 11
2 3
3. Significance and Use
Fe O ,TiO ,ZrO ,Cr O , by Photometric Methods and 12–17
2 3 2 2 2 3
Al O by Complexiometric Titration
2 3
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12
chemical composition of the glass sand meets the composi-
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia
Iron Oxide (as Fe O ) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13
2 3 tional specification required for this raw material.
Titania (TiO ) by the Tiron Method 14
2
Alumina (Al O ) by the CDTA Titration Method 15
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other
2 3
Zirconia (ZrO ) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16
2
methodsthatyieldresultswithinpermissiblevariations.Inany
Chromium Oxide (Cr O ) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17
2 3
case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique
hydrazide Method
used by means of a National Institute of Standards and
Procedures for Routine Analysis:
Technology(NIST)standardreferencematerialorothersimilar
material of known composition having a component compa-
Silica (SiO )—Single Dehydration 19
2
Al O , CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec- 20–25 rable with that of the material under test. A list of standard
2 3
trophotometry
reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication
Na O and K O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27
2 2
260, current edition.
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Glass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Chemical Properties and Analysis. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally Standard samples available from the National Institute of Standards and
approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C146–94a(2009). Technology are listed in U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NIST, Special Publication 260
DOI: 10.1520/C0146-94AR14. (current edition), Washington, DC 20234.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C146 − 94a (2014)
4. Photometers and Photometric
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C146 − 94a (Reapproved 2009) C146 − 94a (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica
(SiO )) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al O ). Generally nonclassical, the test methods are
2 2 3
rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R O (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total
2 3
iron as iron oxide (Fe O ), titania (TiO ), chromium oxide (Cr O ), zirconia (ZrO ), and ignition loss. Included are procedures for
2 3 2 2 3 2
the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6 % total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is
recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.
NOTE 1—For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:
Procedures for Referee Analysis: Section
Silica (SiO )—Double Dehydration 10
2
Total R O —Gravimetric 11
2 3
Fe O , TiO , ZrO , Cr O , by Photometric Methods and 12 – 17
2 3 2 2 2 3
Al O by Complexiometric Titration
2 3
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron 12
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia
Iron Oxide (as Fe O ) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method 13
2 3
Titania (TiO ) by the Tiron Method 14
2
Alumina (Al O ) by the CDTA Titration Method 15
2 3
Zirconia (ZrO ) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method 16
2
Chromium Oxide (Cr O ) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo- 17
2 3
hydrazide Method
Procedures for Routine Analysis:
Silica (SiO )—Single Dehydration 19
2
Al O , CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec- 20–25
2 3
trophotometry
Na O and K O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry 26-27
2 2
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 28
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass
C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on
Chemical Properties and Analysis.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2014. Published January 2010October 2014. Originally approved in 1939 . 1939. Last previous edition approved in 20042009
as C146 – 94a (2009).(2004). DOI: 10.1520/C0146-94R09.10.1520/C0146-94AR14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C146 − 94a (2014)
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials by Spectrophotometry
2.2 Other Documents:
3
NIST Special Publication 260
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the compositional
specification required for this raw material.
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case,
the analyst should verify the procedure and technique used by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
standard reference material or other similar material of known compo
...