ASTM C188-17(2023)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures. The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids. The apparatus to be used is a Le Chatelier flask which is circular in cross-section. This flask shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage. Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the size designation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark. Kerosene, free of water, or naphtha shall be used in the density determination. The flask shall be filled with either of the liquids mentioned to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. The inside of the flask shall be dried above the level of the liquid, if necessary, after pouring. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. A quantity of cement shall be introduced in small increments at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced, the stopper shall be placed in the flask and the flask shall be rolled in an inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free the cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. The final reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test. The cement density can now be determined.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C188 − 17 (Reapproved 2023) American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T133
Standard Test Method for
Density of Hydraulic Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inor-
ganic Cements
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory
of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection
Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
of a unit volume of the solids.
D2638 Test Method for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum
Coke by Helium Pycnometer
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
to Terminology C125 and C219.
prolonged exposure.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nation of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
instrumental techniques.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
5. Apparatus
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask, which is circular
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
essentially to Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of
graduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space of
2. Referenced Documents
at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the
2.1 ASTM Standards: lowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
5.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality
Cement glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
chemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.
gregates The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-
ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable
1 resistance to breakage.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.
5.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 mL to 1 mL and
Current edition approved April 1, 2023. Published April 2023. Originally
from 18 mL to 24 mL in 0.1 mL graduations. The error of any
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C188 – 17. DOI:
indicated capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.
10.1520/C0188-17R23.
5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Vol. 04.01.
ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. followed by the size designation. The standard temperature
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C188 − 17 (2023)
6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specified
in 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 mL and the 1 mL
mark. Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid,
if necessary, after pouring. Weigh the flask, containing the
liquid, and record the mass, M , to the nearest 0.05 g. Record
a
the first reading of liquid height after the flask has been
immersed in the water bath (Note 3) in accordance with 6.4.
NOTE 2—It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when filling
or rolling the flask.
NOTE 3—Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting,
lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding the
flask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held in
the water bath by a buret clamp.
6.3 Introduce a quantity of cement in small increments at
the same temperature as the liquid (Note 2) sufficient to bring
the liquid level in its final position to some point within the
upper series of graduation (Note 4). Take care to avoid
splashing and see that the cement does not adhere to the inside
of the flask above the liquid (Note 5). A vibrating apparatus
may be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into
the flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck.
After all the cement has been introduced, weigh th
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