ASTM D5452-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference identifies the contaminant level per unit volume.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.3 and X1.7.2. Before using this standard, refer to supplier's safety labels, material safety data sheets, and technical literature.
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An American National Standard
Designation:D5452–00
Designation: 423/97
Standard Test Method for
Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory
Filtration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation
D3828 TestMethodsforFlashPointbySmallScaleClosed
turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.
Tester
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
identifies the contaminant level per unit volume.
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 bond,, v—toconnecttwopartsofasystemelectrically
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by means of a bonding wire to eliminate voltage differences.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 ground, vt—to connect electrically with ground
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
(earth).
statements,see4.2,7.3,7.5,11.3,andX1.7.2.Beforeusingthis
3.1.3 membrane filter, n—a porous article of closely con-
standard, refer to supplier’s safety labels, material safety data
trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separate
sheets, and technical literature.
matter in suspension.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3.1 Discussion—RR:D02–1012containsinformationon
membrane filters that meet the requirements therein.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 3.1.4 particulate, adj—of or relating to minute separate
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
particles.
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2 3.1.4.1 Discussion—Solids generally composed of oxides,
Closed Cup Tester
silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3.1.5 volatile fuels—relatively wide boiling range volatile
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
distillate.
tem
2 3.1.5.1 Discussion—These are identified as Jet B in Speci-
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
fication D1655 or the military grade known as JP-4.Any fuel
D2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
or mixture having a flash point less than 38°C must be
considered volatile.
4. Summary of Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4.1 A known volume of fuel is filtered through a pre-
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
weighed test membrane filter and the increase in membrane
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. PublishedAugust 2000.This document
was previously published as ES 19. Last previous edition D5452–99. filter mass is weight determined after washing and drying.The
This standard has been separated from D2276 and has been modified primarily
change in weight of a control membrane located immediately
to establish improved safety measures. Last previous edition was D2276–89.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5452–00
,
below the test membrane filter is also determined.The particu- 6.6 Test Membrane Filters, plain, 47-mm diameter,
latecontaminantisdeterminedfromtheincreaseinmassofthe nominal pore size 0.8 µm (see Note 1).
,
test membrane relative to the control membrane filter. 6.7 Control Membrane Filters, 47-mmdiameter,nominal
4.2 In order to ensure safety in handling, the test method pore size 0.8 µm. (Gridded control membrane filters may be
requires that volatile fuels be transferred from the sample used for purpose of identification.)
containertothefunnelwithoutpouring.Fuelshavingaverified
NOTE 1—Matchedweightmembranefilters, 47-mmdiameter,nominal
flashpointgreaterthan38°C(refertoTestMethodD56orTest
pore size 0.8 µm, may be used as test and control membrane filters if so
Methods D93 or D3828) may be transferred by pouring the
desired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters precludes the necessity
sample from the sample container directly into the funnel.
for carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 10.
Bonding the sample container to the funnel is required.
6.8 Dispenser for Flushing Fluid,0.45-µmmembranefilters
(Warning—Volatile fuels such as JP-4 and Jet B or mixtures
to be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1).
having flash points below 38°C have been ignited by electro-
6.9 Air Ionizer,forthebalancecase.SeeNote2andNote3.
static discharges when poured through membrane filters.)
NOTE 2—When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may be
4.3 Appendix X1 describes safety precautions to avoid
omitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed on
static discharge in filtering fuel through membranes.
the pan so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.
NOTE 3—Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.
5. Significance and Use
6.10 Filtration Apparatus, of the type shown in Fig. 2.It
5.1 Thistestmethodprovidesagravimetricmeasurementof
consistsofafunnelandafunnelbasewithafiltersupportsuch
the particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine
that a membrane filter can be gripped between the sealing
fuels delivered to a laboratory for evaluation. The objective is
surface and the base by means of a locking ring. Use a metal
to minimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging and
funnel with at least a 70-mm diameter at the top.
other operational problems. Although tolerable levels of par-
6.11 Support Apparatus, as shown in Fig. X3.1, having
ticulate contaminants have not yet been established for all
adjustable height, integral spill collection pan at the base, and
points in fuel distribution systems, the total contaminant
an edge on the can shelf to prevent the can from slipping off.
measurement is normally of most interest.
The shelf is slotted. Refer to Appendix X2 for fabrication
details.
6. Apparatus
6.12 Dispensing Cap or Plug, with approximately 9.5-mm
6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precision
inside diameter hose barb 32-mm long on which a 75 to
standard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.
100-mm long piece of fuel resistant, flexible, plastic tubing is
6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted air circu-
installed(seeFig.2).Theclosuregasketshallbemadeofafuel
lation), controlling to 90 65°C.
resistant material.Apaper composition material is not accept-
6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter with
able.
removable glass supports for membrane filters.
6.13 Feed Container, shall be a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) epoxy
6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.
lined sample can, preferably the same container in which the
6.5 Vacuum System.
sample was collected.
6.14 Receiving Flask, shall be glass or metal. A graduated
glass flask is preferred so that the space remaining for fuel can
be observed. The filtration apparatus is fitted to the top of the
flask. The flask shall be fitted with a side arm to connect the
vacuum system. The flask should be large enough to contain
the sample and flushing fluids.
6.15 Safety Flask, shall be glass containing a sidearm
attached to the receiving flask with a fuel and solvent resistant
rubber hose and shall be connected to the vacuum system.
6.16 Ground/Bond Wire, #10 thru #19 (0.912–2.59 mm)
bare stranded flexible, stainless steel or copper installed in the
flasks and grounded as shown in Fig. 2. If a metallic flask(s) is
used instead of glass, the flask(s) must be grounded.
6.17 Plastic Film, polyethylene or any other clear film not
adversely affected by flushing fluids.
All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatus
considered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability in
accordance with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.
A list of suppliers who have provided data indicating their membranes, field
monitors, and field monitor castings are in accordance with the requirements of
RR:D02-1012 is available fromASTM Headquarters.To obtain the research report,
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing Fluid data, and list of suppliers request RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.
D5452–00
FIG. 2 Apparatus for Determining Total Contaminant
6.18 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec- ignited by electrostatic discharges, causing flash fire.), having
trical continuity is 10 ohms or less between 2 points. boiling range from 35 to 60°C.
7.6 Filtered Fluids—Filtered fluids are fluids filtered
7. Reagents
through a nominal 0.45-µm membrane filter. Filtered fluids are
most conveniently obtained by means of the solvent filtering
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
dispenser described in Fig. 1.
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
8. Sampling
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
8.1 All containers and their closures, sampling lines, and
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
otherequipmentusedinobtainingthesampleforanalysismust
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
be thoroughly cleaned as described in Section 9. Containers
accuracy of the determination.
used must conform to the criteria set forth in Practice D4306.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated references
8.2 Toobtainarepresentativesamplefromafuelstreamand
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
to avoid external contamination, the sample may be drawn
by Type III of Specification D1193.
from the flushing line of a field sampling kit. Ensure that the
7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol,(Warning—Flammable.)
lineisfirstflushedwiththefueltobesampledandthattheline
7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.
is externally clean.
7.5 Flushing Fluids—Petroleum spirit (also known as pe-
8.3 Whether or not a sampling kit is available, suitable
troleum ether or IP Petroleum Spirit 40/60) (Warning—
precautions must be taken to avoid sample contamination by
Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are easily
the use of a suitable sampling point in accordance with Test
Method D2276. If the quick-disconnect sampling connection
is not used, a stainless steel ball or plug type valve should be
selected as its internal design avoids the possibility of trapping
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
or generating solid contaminant. Samples that are collected for
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
general laboratory or chemical analysis are not necessarily
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
suitableforthistestmethodbecauseinsufficientcaremayhave
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. been taken to avoid particulate contamination.
D5452–00
8.4 Where possible a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) fuel sample should filtration apparatus (see Fig. 2). Place the weighed test mem-
be taken, preferably in the same container that will be used in brane filter on top of the control membrane filter. Install the
the test to avoid the need to transfer from one container to funnel.Donotremovetheplasticfilmfromthefunnelopening
another with increased possibility of contamination. Results until ready to start filtration.
obtained by taking other sample volumes may have different
11. Procedure
precisions.
11.1 Take precautions to minimize apparatus contamination
8.5 The sample volume must be quoted with the results. If
from airborne dust. Use a protective hood or cover. Clean all
the sample was transferred from one container to another
equipment used for handling samples and membrane filters
before the test was performed, this must also be noted with the
before use as described for petri dishes in 9.1.
test results.
11.2 Withthemembranefilterinplace,performacontinuity
9. Preparation of Apparatus and Sample Containers
testusingamultimeterbetweenthefunnelandthefilterholder.
The meter shall read 10 ohms or less.
9.1 Clean all components of the filtration apparatus, sample
11.3 The assembled apparatus shall be grounded as shown
containers,andtheirclosuresasdescribedin9.1.1-9.1.7.Clean
in Fig. 2, by connecting a wire to a laboratory ground from the
petri dishes as described in 9.1.2-9.1.7.
locking ring of the filtration assembly to the support stand and
9.1.1 Remove any labels, tags, and so forth.
to the sample container.Another ground wire is required from
9.1.2 Wash with warm tap water containing detergent.
the inside of the receiving and safety flasks and from the
9.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with warm tap water.
sample container.
9.1.4 Rinse thoroughly with reagent water. Container caps
11.4 Thoroughly clean the outside of the sample container
should be handled only externally with clean laboratory
in the region of the closure by washing with detergent in water
crucible tongs during this and subsequent washing.
andrinsingwithtapwaterandfilteredisopropylalcohol.Shake
9.1.5 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.
thecontainervigorouslyforabout ⁄2min.Removetheclosure;
9.1.6 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.
remove any external contaminant that may be present in the
9.1.7 Keep a clean piece of plastic film rinsed with filtered
threads on the sample container by washing with filtered
flushing fluid over the top of the sample container until the
flushing fluid, ensuring that none of the wa
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