ASTM D425-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils
Standard Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 All water contained in a saturated soil cannot be removed by gravity drainage alone. The amount of water retained after gravity drainage is usually expressed as the water holding capacity or specific retention of the soil. These values may be influenced by elapsed time, the particle-size distribution and the plasticity of the soil. In most cases, as the plasticity increases so does the moisture equivalent value.
5.2 The centrifuge moisture equivalent is determined by applying a centrifugal force great enough to reduce the capillary fringe zone sufficiently so that it can be ignored without introducing error. The centrifical force is maintained sufficiently low as not to withdraw a large proportion of the water that is held securely above the capillary fringe (see Note 1).
5.3 It has been determined that for at least medium-textured soils (sandy to silty particle-size distribution) the centrifuge moisture equivalent approximates the water holding capacity and when combined with the bulk density can be used to calculate an approximate specific retention and specific yield. These properties when combined with porosity can be used to estimate aquifer storage coefficient.
Note 1: If a soil will hold water 100 mm by capillarity acting against gravity, the soil will theoretically be able to hold the water only 0.1 mm against a centrifugal force that is 1000 times greater than the force of gravity.
Note 2: The statements on precision and bias contained in this test method; the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the moisture equivalent of soil in the laboratory by means of a centrifuge technique.
1.2 This test method is limited to specimens of coarse-grained sandy soils having a maximum particle size of less than 2.00 mm and with fines of low plasticity. Soils having a unified soil classification, based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 such as SP, SW, SC-SM, or SM are considered acceptable for the test method.
1.2.1 For soils that are predominantly fine-grained, coarse-grained soils with medium to high plasticity, intact specimens or soils being tested at a specific density or unit weight refer to Test Methods D6836.
1.3 This test method is intended to be performed in a constant temperature environment. Variations in temperature exceeding the range outlined in 8.7 may influence the test data.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except for sieve designations, which also include the “alternative” system in accordance with E11.
1.5 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsi...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D425 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mois-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ture equivalent of soil in the laboratory by means of a
centrifuge technique.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method is limited to specimens of coarse-
2
grainedsandysoilshavingamaximumparticlesizeoflessthan 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.00 mm and with fines of low plasticity. Soils having a unified D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
soil classification, based upon procedures outlined in Practice
Fluids
D2488 such as SP, SW, SC-SM, or SM are considered D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
acceptable for the test method.
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.2.1 For soils that are predominantly fine-grained, coarse-
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
grained soils with medium to high plasticity, intact specimens
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
or soils being tested at a specific density or unit weight refer to
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
Test Methods D6836.
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.3 This test method is intended to be performed in a
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
constant temperature environment. Variations in temperature
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
exceeding the range outlined in 8.7 may influence the test data.
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
as the standard except for sieve designations, which also
Construction Materials Testing
include the “alternative” system in accordance with E11.
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.5 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
Data
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6836 Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water
D6026.
Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer,
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
or Centrifuge
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
Sieves
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations
3. Terminology
for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase
3.1 Definitions:
or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods
for engineering design.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 capillary fringe zone—the zone above the free water
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
elevation in which water is held by capillary action.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
2
and Density Characteristics of Soils. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2017. Published January 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D425 – 88 (2008). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D0425-17. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D425 − 88 (Reapproved 2008) D425 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the moisture equivalent of soil in the laboratory by means of a centrifuge
technique.
1.2 This test method is limited to disturbed specimens of coarse-grained soils having sandy soils having a maximum particle
size of less than 2.00 mm and with fines of low plasticity plasticity. Soils having a unified soil classification, based upon procedures
outlined in Practice D2488 such as SP, SW, SC-SM, or SM soils. The test is limited to soils passing the 2.00-mm sieve or that
fraction of a soil passing a 2.00-mm sieve. are considered acceptable for the test method.
NOTE 1—Test Method D3152 or Test Method D2325 should be used to evaluate the capillary-moisture relations of fine-grained soils and coarse-grained
soils having fines of medium to high plasticity, undisturbed soils, and soils at specific desired units weights.
1.2.1 For soils that are predominantly fine-grained, coarse-grained soils with medium to high plasticity, intact specimens or soils
being tested at a specific density or unit weight refer to Test Methods D6836.
1.3 TheThis test method is temperature-dependent, and consistent comparable results can be obtained only if the tests are
performed under a constant-temperature condition.intended to be performed in a constant temperature environment. Variations in
temperature exceeding the range outlined in 8.7 may influence the test data.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.standard except for sieve designations, which also
include the “alternative” system in accordance with E11.
1.5 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and
it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is
beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2325D2487 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-Plate
ApparatusPractice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) (Withdrawn 2007)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3152D3740 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for Fine-Textured Soils by Pressure-Membrane ApparatusPrac-
tice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008Jan. 15, 2017. Published March 2008January 2017. Originally approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 20012008 as
D425 – 88 (2008). (2001). DOI: 10.1520/D0425-88R08.10.1520/D0425-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
...
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