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ASTM D4766-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)

Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the starting material for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is used extensively in construction, electronics, packaging, and other industries. The vinyl chloride gas can escape during manufacturing, transportation, and polymerization stages. Residual monomer can also escape during subsequent fabrication processes.  
5.2 Vinyl chloride is a toxic and explosive hazardous material.  
5.3 Vinyl chloride is suspected to be a carcinogenic agent (4), and occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been established for this agent. For instance, the present U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for VCM is 1.0 ppm (v) with a 0.5-ppm (v) action level; the maximum length of operator exposure at 5 ppm (v) is 15 min (5).  
5.4 This test method is made selective for vinyl chloride by choosing chromatographic columns that will separate vinyl chloride from other organic compounds in the sample.  
5.5 This test method meets requirements (for example, those of OSHA and NIOSH) for monitoring workplace atmospheres in vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride) production and fabrication processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in workplace atmospheres using a modified charcoal tube method (see Practice D3686).  
1.2 This procedure is compatible with low-flow rate personal sampling equipment. It can be used for personal or stationary monitoring. It cannot be used to determine instantaneous fluctuations in concentration to detect maximum values. Alternative on-site procedures, such as gas chromatography or infrared spectrometry, are required to measure fast-changing concentrations.  
1.3 The range of this test method is from the limit of quantitation approximately 0.03 to 100 ppm (v).  
1.4 The sampling method provides a time-weighted average sample.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9, 10.2.3, and 11.1.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2021
ICS
13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.04 - Workplace Air Quality
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D3686-20 - Standard Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D4766-21 - Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)ASTM D4766-21 - Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4766 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4766; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes the determination of vinyl
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
chloride monomer (VCM) in workplace atmospheres using a
Atmospheres
modified charcoal tube method (see Practice D3686).
D3686Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
1.2 This procedure is compatible with low-flow rate per-
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
sonal sampling equipment. It can be used for personal or
sorption Method)
stationary monitoring. It cannot be used to determine instan- E355PracticeforGasChromatographyTermsandRelation-
taneous fluctuations in concentration to detect maximum val- ships
ues. Alternative on-site procedures, such as gas chromatogra-
3. Terminology
phy or infrared spectrometry, are required to measure fast-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this test
changing concentrations.
method, refer to Terminology D1356 and Practice E355.
1.3 The range of this test method is from the limit of
4. Summary of Test Method
quantitation approximately 0.03 to 100 ppm (v).
4.1 Knownvolumesofsampledairarepassedthroughglass
1.4 Thesamplingmethodprovidesatime-weightedaverage
ormetaltubespackedwithactivatedcharcoal.Vinylchlorideis
sample.
adsorbed on the charcoal and thus removed from the flowing
3
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
gas stream (1-3).
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
4.2 A two-section tube containing a front and a backup
providedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.
section of adsorbent is used to collect the sample.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 Thevinylchlorideisdesorbedwithcarbondisulfideand
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ionization detector. Two or more different columns are to be
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
used to reveal interferences that might otherwise not be
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. detected.
For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9,
4.4 Adsorption/desorption efficiencies are determined by
10.2.3, and 11.1.3.
the same techniques used for the atmospheric analysis applied
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
to known standards. Instrument calibrations are made with
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
prepared standard solutions of vinyl chloride in carbon disul-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fide.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 5.1 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the starting material
for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Quality. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4766–98 (2014). The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
DOI: 10.1520/D4766-21. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4766 − 21
used extensively in construction, electronics, packaging, and 7.1.4 The pressure drop across the charcoal tube should be
other industries. The vinyl chloride gas can escape during no greater than 3.3 kPa (2.5 cm Hg) at a flowrate of 1000
manufacturing, transportation, and polymerization stages. Re- mL/min.
sidual monomer can also escape during subsequent fabrication
7.1.5 Glasstub
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4766 − 98 (Reapproved 2014) D4766 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4766; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the determination of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in workplace atmospheres using a modified
charcoal tube method (see Practice D3686).
1.2 This procedure is compatible with low flow low-flow rate personal sampling equipment. It can be used for personal or
stationary monitoring. It cannot be used to determine instantaneous fluctuations in concentration to detect maximum values.
Alternative on-site procedures, such as gas chromatography or infrared spectrometry, must be used are required to measure
fast-changing concentrations.
1.3 The range of this test method is from the limit of detection of quantitation approximately 0.010.03 to 100 ppm (v).
1.4 The sampling method provides a time-weighted average sample.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to
inch-pound units that after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9 and Warnings in ,
10.2.3, and 11.1.3.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method)
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014March 1, 2021. Published September 2014July 2021. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20092014
ε1
as D4766 – 98 (2009)(2014). . DOI: 10.1520/D4766-98R14.10.1520/D4766-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4766 − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this test method, refer to Terminology D1356 and Practice E355.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Known volumes of samplesampled air are passed through glass or metal tubes packed with activated charcoal. Vinyl chloride
3
is adsorbed on the charcoal and thus removed from the flowing gas stream (1-3).
4.2 A two-section tube containing a front and a backup section of adsorbent is used to collect the sample.
4.3 The vinyl chloride is desorbed with carbon disulfide and analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization
detector. Two or more different columns are to be used to reveal interferences that might otherwise not be detected.
4.4 Adsorption/desorption efficiencies are determined by the same techniques used for the atmospheric analysis applied to known
standards. Instrument calibrations are made with prepared standard solutions of vinyl chloride in carbon disulfide.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the starting material for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is used
extensively in construction, electronics, packaging, and other industries. The vinyl chloride ga
...

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1.2 This practice is based on U.S. EPA SW 846, Test Method 3050, Test Method D7202, and Practice D8344.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8405-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating PM2.5 Sensors or Sensor Systems Used in Indoor Air Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Poor indoor air quality has been implicated in significant adverse acute and chronic impacts on occupant health and performance. The ability to assess the components contributing to poor indoor air quality is critical for determining best practices for improving indoor air quality.  
5.2 Measurement of pollutants in indoor environments using sensors and sensor systems provides information needed to improve indoor air quality through pollutant source control, ventilation, filtration or other treatments.  
5.3 This method uses a test characterization chamber system equipped with reference monitor(s) to evaluate the response of test sensors or test sensor systems to specific types of particles (for example, salt, polystyrene latex, or dust). To facilitate reproducible results, the test particles used within this method are standardized and have known properties. The user is cautioned that a single particle type is not representative of all particles found indoors. The relative response of test sensors or test sensor systems to a reference monitor can vary by a factor of two for different particle types (for example, primary or secondary, organic or inorganic, outdoor or indoor origin; see 6.11.3 for further discussion). Furthermore, the user is cautioned that the lower limit of particle size detection for optical test sensors and test sensor systems is generally 0.3 μm in diameter; particles below this size are generally undetected and may represent a significant health concern as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses a chamber system to evaluate the performance of stationary PM2.5 sensors (sensors) and particle sensor systems (sensor systems) subjected to various test conditions, including temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and coarse PM interferent concentration.  
1.1.1 This test method covers sensors and sensor systems that can be continuously powered and continuously operated for the duration of any test described in this method through line power or an internal battery of sufficient output. This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without these capabilities.  
1.1.2 This test method evaluates the performance of sensors and sensor systems that allow users to collect data in a systemic manner to assess the capabilities and limitations of these devices.  
1.1.3 This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without data storage and recording capabilities.  
1.1.4 This test method is not intended to evaluate indoor air quality sensors and sensor systems for purposes of regulation of outdoor air, homeland security, law enforcement or forensic activity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7659-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected.  
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.  
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.  
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically not be optimal for any one purpose.  
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for different purposes of sampling.  
4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling.  
4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments appl...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.  
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included.  
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies.  
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4597-10(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive Samplers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations such as those promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Title 29CFR 1910.1000 designate that certain hazardous gases and vapors must not be present in the workplace air at concentrations above specific values.  
5.2 This practice, when used in conjunction with an analytical technique, such as that given for organic compounds in Test Method D3687, may provide a means for the determination of time-weighted airborne concentrations of many of the hazardous gases and vapors in applicable regulations (for example, Title 29CFR 1910.1000), as well as others.  
5.3 The manufacturer’s literature should be consulted for the appropriate list of chemicals which may be sampled by a particular device.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of workplace atmospheres for the presence of certain gases or vapors by means of diffusion across a specified quiescent region and subsequent sorption on a solid sorbent (1).2  
1.2 A list of organic compounds which are applicable to solid sorbent sampling where the sorbent is contained in a bed through which air is passed is given in Annex A1 of Practice D3686. Diffusive samplers may be applicable to a similar range of compounds but this must be confirmed by reference to the individual sampler manufacturer’s literature.  
1.3 The valid use of diffusive samplers depends on the existence of actual laboratory or field validation, or both. Guidance on validation can be obtained from published protocols (2-6). This practice is not designed to cover the verification, validation, or specific test procedures used to assess the accuracy or precision of diffusive samplers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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