ASTM D4793-09(2023)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with Water
Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under the laboratory conditions described in this test method.
4.2 This test method is not intended to provide extracts that are representative of the actual leachate produced from a waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.
4.3 This test method is not intended to simulate site-specific leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.
4.4 An intent of this test method is that the final pH of each of the extracts reflects the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the waste.
4.5 An intent of this test method is that the water extractions reflect conditions where the waste is the dominant factor in determining the pH of the extracts.
4.6 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both major and minor constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions are taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in the waste. This test method has not been tested for applicability to organic substances, volatile matter (see Note 3 in 5.15), or biologically active samples.
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a procedure for the sequential leaching of a waste containing at least five percent solids to generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of a specified purity and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis. The procedure is conducted ten times in sequence on the same sample of waste and generates ten aqueous solutions.
1.3 This test method is intended to describe the procedure for performing sequential batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4793 − 09 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4793; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D420 Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering De-
sign and Construction Purposes
1.1 This test method is a procedure for the sequential
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
leaching of a waste containing at least five percent solids to
Fluids
generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
leached under the specified testing conditions.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
of waste with water of a specified purity and the separation of
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
the aqueous phase for analysis. The procedure is conducted ten
D2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample
times in sequence on the same sample of waste and generates
of Coal
ten aqueous solutions.
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
1.3 This test method is intended to describe the procedure
for performing sequential batch extractions only. It does not D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
Streams
describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that
may be associated with its application.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see
standard.
Terminology D1129.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Symbols:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 Variables listed in this test method are defined in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
individual sections where they are discussed. A list of defined
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
variables is also given in Section 11.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 Explanation of Variables:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
¯
X = total mean value
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
t
¯
X = analytical mean value (calculated using data from
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- a
analysis of standards)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
S = total standard deviation
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. tt
S = analytical standard deviation
ta
S = estimated standard deviation due to the extraction
te
2. Referenced Documents
procedure
2.1 ASTM Standards:
S = total single operator standard deviation
ot
D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
S = analytical single operator standard deviation
oa
S = estimated single operator standard deviation due to
oe
the extraction procedure
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
4. Significance and Use
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
Leaching Techniques.
4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4793 – 09 (2017).
estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under
DOI: 10.1520/D4793-09R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or the laboratory conditions described in this test method.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.2 This test method is not intended to provide extracts that
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. are representative of the actual leachate produced from a waste
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4793 − 09 (2023)
in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis through the center of the bottle (see Fig. 1 and the discussion
of engineering design. of agitation in Appendix X1).
4.3 This test method is not intended to simulate site-specific
NOTE 1—Similar devices having a different axial arrangement may be
used if equivalency can be demonstrated.
leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate
actual disposal site leaching conditions.
5.14 Pressure Filtration Assembly—A pressure filtration
device of a composition suitable to the nature of the analyses
4.4 An intent of this test method is that the final pH of each
to be performed and equipped with a 0.45 or 0.8 μm pore size
of the extracts reflects the interaction of the extractant with the
filter (see Note 7, pertaining to 9.4).
buffering capacity of the waste.
5.15 Extraction Vessels, cylindrical, wide-mouth, of a com-
4.5 An intent of this test method is that the water extractions
position suitable to the nature of the waste and analyses to be
reflect conditions where the waste is the dominant factor in
performed, constructed of materials that will not allow sorption
determining the pH of the extracts.
of constituents of interest, and sturdy enough to withstand the
4.6 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to
impact of the falling sample fragments. Container size should
the determination of both major and minor constituents. When
be selected so that the sample plus extraction fluid occupy
minor constituents are being determined, it is especially
approximately 95 % of the container. Containers must have
important that precautions are taken in sample storage and
watertight closure. Containers for samples where gases may be
handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.
released should be provided with a venting mechanism.
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its
NOTE 2—Suitable container sizes range from 10 to 11 cm in diameter
applicability to certain inorganic components in the waste. This
and 22 to 33 cm in height.
test method has not been tested for applicability to organic
substances, volatile matter (see Note 3 in 5.15), or biologically NOTE 3—Venting the container has the potential to affect the concen-
tration of volatile compounds in the extracts.
active samples.
5.15.1 Extraction vessels should be cleaned in a manner
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and
consistent with the analyses to be performed. See Section 13 of
filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be
Practices D3370.
suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7, 8,
and the discussion in Appendix X1).
6. Reagents
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
5. Apparatus
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
5.1 Straightedge, such as a thin-edged yardstick.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the American
Chemical Society, where such specifications are available.
5.2 Impermeable Sheet, of glazed paper, oil cloth, or other
Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that
flexible material of a composition suitable to the analytes of
the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
interest.
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
5.3 Drying Pans or Dishes—Two per waste (for example,
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
aluminum tins, porcelain dishes, or glass weighing pans),
to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent water at
suitable to the waste being tested and the instructions given in
18 to 27 °C (Specification D1193). The method by which the
9.2.
water is prepared, that is, distillation, ion exchange, reverse
5.4 Drying Oven—Any thermostatically controlled drying
osmosis, electrodialysis, or a combination thereof, should
oven capable of maintaining a steady temperature of 62 °C in
remain constant throughout testing.
a range from 100 to 110 °C.
7. Sampling
5.5 Desiccator, having the capacity to hold the drying pans
described in 5.3 and the crucibles described in 5.8.
7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the waste to be tested
using ASTM sampling methods developed for the specific
5.6 Laboratory Balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 g.
industry where available (see Practice D75/D75M, Guide
5.7 Pipet, 10 mL capacity.
D420, Terminology D653, and Test Method D2234/D2234M).
5.8 Crucibles—Two per waste, porcelain, 20 mL capacity
7.2 Where no specific methods are available, sampling
each.
methodology for material of similar physical form shall be
5.9 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg.
used.
5.10 Large Glass Funnel. 7.3 The amount of sample to be sent to the laboratory
should be sufficient to perform the solids content determination
5.11 Wash Bottle, 500 mL capacity.
5.12 pH Meter—Any pH meter with a readability of 0.01
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
units and an accuracy of 60.05 units at 25 °C is acceptable.
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
5.13 Agitation Equipment, of any type that rotates the
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
extraction vessel in an end-over-end fashion at a rate of 0.5 6
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
0.03 Hz, such that the axis of rotation is horizontal and it goes MD.
D4793 − 09 (2023)
FIG. 1 Extractors
as specified in 9.2 and to provide 100 g of sample on a dry 8. Sample Preparation
weight basis for each extraction.
8.1 For free-flowing particulate solid wastes, obtain a
7.4 It is important that the sample of the waste be represen-
sample of the approximate size required in the test by quarter-
tative with respect to surface area, as variations in surface area
ing the sample (Section 7) received for testing on an imper-
would directly affect the leaching characteristics of the sample.
meable sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or other flexible
Waste samples should contain a representative distribution of
material as follows:
particle sizes.
8.1.1 Empty the sample container into the center of the
sheet.
NOTE 4—Information on obtaining representative samples can also be
found in Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice, Volumes I
8.1.2 Flatten out the sample gently with a suitable straight-
and II, by F. Picard, CRC Press, 1989.
edge until it is spread uniformly to a depth at least twice the
7.5 In order to prevent sample contamination or constituent
maximum particle diameter.
loss prior to extraction, keep samples in closed containers
8.1.3 Remix the sample by lifting a corner of the sheet and
appropriate to the sample type and desired analysis. See
drawing it across, low down, to the opposite corner in a manner
Practices D3370 for guidance. Record the storage conditions
that the material is made to roll over and over and does not
and handling procedures in the report.
merely slide along. Continue the operation with each corner,
proceeding in a clockwise direction. Repeat this operation ten
7.6 The time between collection and extraction of the
times.
sample should be determined by the nature of the sample and
the information desired. See Practices D3370 for guidance. 8.1.4 Lift all four corners of the sheet towards the center
Report the length of time between sample collection and and, holding all four corners together, raise the entire sheet into
extraction. the air to form a pocket for the sample.
D4793 − 09 (2023)
8.1.5 Repeat 8.1.2. 9.3 Extraction Procedure—If the entire procedure cannot be
conducted without interruption, at least the first four extraction
8.1.6 With a straightedge (such as a thin-edged yardstick),
sequences must be conducted without interruption.
one at least as long as the flattened mound of sample, gently
9.3.1 Determine the mass of the extraction vessel to be used
divide the sample into quarters. Make an effort to avoid using
in the extraction procedure to the nearest 0.1 g. Record the
pressure on the straightedge sufficient to cause damage to the
mass of the extraction vessel, M . Use one extraction vessel
particles.
v1
per waste throughout the sequence of extractions.
8.1.7 Discard alternate quarters.
9.3.2 Add 100 g (weighed to 60.1 g) of solid waste on a dry
8.1.8 If further reduction of sample size is necessary, repeat
weight basis to the extraction vessel. Calculate the amount of
8.1.3 – 8.1.7. Use a sample size to give 100 g of solid for each
waste as received to add using the following equation:
extraction. Provide additional samples for determination of
solids content. If smaller samples are used in the test, report 100
M 5 (2)
this fact.
S
NOTE 5—For other acceptable methods for mixing and subsampling where:
free-flowing solid particulate wastes, see Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory
M = mass of waste as received to add to the extraction vessel
and Sampling Practice, Volumes I and II, by F. Picard, CRC Press, 1989.
to give 100 g (weighed to 60.1 g) of solid waste.
The method of subsampling should be determined by the physical
properties of the waste, analytes of interest, and equipment available.
9.3.2.1 If a mass of solid waste on a dry weight basis other
than 100 g is used, Eq 2-4 must be modified to reflect the use
8.2 For field-cored solid wastes or castings produced in the
of a mass other than 100 g. Replace 100 in these equations with
laboratory, cut a representative section weighing approxi-
the mass used. Use of a mass other than 100 g is not
mately 100 g for testing plus samples for determination for
recommended.
solids content. Shape the sample so that the leaching solution
9.3.3 Add a volume in millilitres, V , of test water (see 6.2)
will cover the material to be leached.
vl
to the extraction vessel determined using the following equa-
8.3 For multiphasic wastes, mix thoroughly to ensure that a
tions:
representative sample will be withdrawn. Take samples for
M
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