ASTM D3597-02(2008)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics-Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
Standard Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics-Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
ABSTRACT
This performance specification covers the performance requirements for plain, tufted, or flocked woven upholstery fabrics as used in the manufacture of new indoor furniture. These requirements apply to both the warp and filling directions for those factors where each fabric direction is pertinent. Tests shall be made to determine the properties of the material in accordance with the following test methods: breaking strength; tear strength; resistance to yarn slippage; surface abrasion; dimensional change; colorfastness to water; colorfastness to solvent; colorfastness to burnt gas fumes; colorfastness to crocking; colorfastness to light; colorfastness to ozone; durability of back coating; flammability; and FTC requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fabrics intended for this end-use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1.
It should be recognized that fabrics can be produced utilizing an almost infinite number of combinations of construction variables ( e.g., type of fibers, percentage of fibers, yarn twist, yarn number, warp and pick count, chemical and mechanical finished). Additionally, fashion or aesthetics dictate that the ultimate consumer may find acceptable articles made from fabrics that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1.
Hence, no single performance specification can possibly apply to all the various fabrics that could be utilized for this end-use.
The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate section of the specified test methods.
TABLE 1 Specification Requirements
CharacteristicsRequirementsSection Breaking strength (load)222 N (50 lbf), min6.1 Tongue tear strength27 N (6 lbf), min6.2 Resistance to yarn slippage111 N (25 lbf), min6.3 Surface abrasionA Light-duty3000 cycles (double rubs), min6.4 Medium-duty9000 cycles (double rubs), min6.4 Heavy-duty15,000 cycles (double rubs), min6.4 Dimensional change: Warp or filling5.0% shrinkage, max to6.5 2.0% gain, max Colorfastness to:B Water,C Color Changegrade 4,D min6.6 Solvent,C Color Changegrade4,D min6.7 Burnt gas fumes-2 cyclesgrade 4,D min6.8 Crocking: Drygrade 4,E min6.9 Wetgrade 3,E min6.9 Light-40 AATCC Fading Unitsgrade 4,D min6.10 Ozone 1 cyclegrade 4,D min6.11 Retention of hand, character, and appearanceno significant change6.12 Durability of back coatingno significant change6.13 Flammabilitypass6.14 FTC Requirementspass6.15
A For guideline purposes see 6.4.1.
B Class in the colorfastness requirements is based on a numerical scale of 5 for negligible for no colorchange or color transfer to 1 for very severe color change or color transfer.
C For guidelines purposes—See Section 6.6.2.
D AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change.
...
SCOPE
1.1 This performance specification covers the performance requirements for plain, tufted, or flocked woven upholstery fabrics as used in the manufacture of new indoor furniture. These requirements apply to both the warp and filling directions for those factors where each fabric direction is pertinent.
1.2 This performance specification is not applicable to fabrics used in porch, deck, or lawn furniture; nor for knitted fabrics, bonded or laminated fabrics, or surface-coated fabrics (such as vinyls and urethanes).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D3597 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Performance Specification for
Woven Upholstery Fabrics—Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3597; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 16 Colorfastness to Light
23 Colorfastness to Burnt Gas Fumes
1.1 This performance specification covers the performance
107 Colorfastness to Water
requirements for plain, tufted, or flocked woven upholstery
116 Colorfastness to Crocking:
fabrics as used in the manufacture of new indoor furniture.
Rotary Vertical Crockmeter Method
These requirements apply to both the warp and filling direc-
129 Colorfastness to Ozone in the Atmosphere Under High
tions for those factors where each fabric direction is pertinent.
Humidities
1.2 This performance specification is not applicable to
Gray Scale for Color Change, Evaluation Procedure 1
fabrics used in porch, deck, or lawn furniture; nor for knitted
Chromatic Transference Scale, AATCC Evaluation Proce-
fabrics, bonded or laminated fabrics, or surface-coated fabrics
dure 8 AATCC 9–Step Chromatic Transference Scale
(such as vinyls and urethanes).
Specifications Standards Test Procedures for Upholstered
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Furniture Fabrics
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Guides for the Household Furniture Industry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 Federal Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
16CFR, Chapter II-Consumer Product Safety Commission,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Subchapter D-Flammable Fabrics Act Regulation
2. Referenced Documents
2.4 Military Standard:
ASQ/ANSI Z1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
spection by Attributes
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D434 Test Method for Resistance to Slippage of Yarns in
NOTE 1—Reference to test methods in this standard give only the
Woven Fabrics Using a Standard Seam
permanent part of the designation of ASTM, AATCC, or other test
methods. The current editions of each test method cited shall prevail.
D1175 Discontinued 1982; Method of Test for Abrasion
Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder and
3. Terminology
Uniform Abrasion); Replaced by D 4157, D 4158
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this performance
D1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
specification, refer to Terminology D123. Definitions found in
Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
a dictionary of common terms are suitable for terms used in
D2262 NO TITLE
this performance specification.
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
4. Significance and Use
2.2 AATCC Test Methods:
4.1 Fabrics intended for this end-use should meet all of the
8 AATCC Colorfastness to Crocking:
requirements listed in Table 1.
Crockmeter Method
4.2 It should be recognized that fabrics can be produced
utilizing an almost infinite number of combinations of con-
This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
struction variables ( e.g., type of fibers, percentage of fibers,
D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.63 on Home
yarn twist, yarn number, warp and pick count, chemical and
Furnishings.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3597 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/D3597-02R08. Issued in 1969 by the NationalAssociation of Furniture Manufacturers and the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or National Retail FurnitureAssociation.Available from Home Furniture Manufactur-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ers Assn., P. O. Box HP-7, High Point, NC 27261.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commis-
the ASTM website. sion, Washington, DC 20580.
3 7
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
on www.astm.org. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
4 8
AATCC Technical Manual, available from theAmericanAssociation of Textile AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Chemists and Colorists, P. O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3597 – 02 (2008)
TABLE 1 Specification Requirements
Characteristics Requirements Section
Breaking strength (load) 222 N (50 lbf), min 6.1
Tongue tear strength 27 N (6 lbf), min 6.2
Resistance to yarn slippage 111 N (25 lbf), min 6.3
A
Surface abrasion
Light-duty 3000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Medium-duty 9000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Heavy-duty 15,000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Dimensional change:
Warp or filling 5.0% shrinkage, max to 6.5
2.0% gain, max
B
Colorfastness to:
C D
Water, Color Change grade 4, min 6.6
C D
Solvent, Color Change grade4, min 6.7
D
Burnt gas fumes-2 cycles grade 4, min 6.8
Crocking:
E
Dry grade 4, min 6.9
E
Wet grade 3, min 6.9
D
Light-40 AATCC Fading Units grade 4, min 6.10
D
Ozone 1 cycle grade 4, min 6.11
Retention of hand, character, and appearance no significant change 6.12
Durability of back coating no significant change 6.13
Flammability pass 6.14
FTC Requirements pass 6.15
A
For guideline purposes see 6.4.1.
B
Class in the colorfastness requirements is based on a numerical scale of 5 for negligible for no colorchange or color transfer to 1 for very severe color change or color
transfer.
C
For guidelines purposes—See Section 6.6.2.
D
AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change.
E
AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale.
mechanicalfinished).Additionally,fashionoraestheticsdictate 6.3.3 Use a chrome or nickel plated needle, 0.063 in. (1.60
that the ultimate consumer may find acceptable articles made mm) in diameter.
from fabrics that do not conform to all of the requirements in 6.3.4 Use a No. 24-4 hard finish “Z” twist white cotton
Table 1. sewing thread as the needle thread. Use either hard or soft
4.2.1 Hence, no single performance specification can possi- finish No. 24-4 “Z” twist white cotton sewing thread for the
blyapplytoallthevariousfabricsthatcouldbeutilizedforthis bobbin thread.
end-use. 6.4 Surface Abrasion:
4.3 The uses and significance of particular properties and 6.4.1 Determine the surface abrasion in accordance with
test methods are discussed in the appropriate section of the Test Method D1175, using the Oscillatory Cylinder Method
specified test methods. with the following modifications.
6.4.2 Useacleanwirescreenabradant,stainlesssteel,50by
5. Specification Requirements
70 mesh (210 by 297 µm), backed by a 14-mesh (1.4 by 1.4
5.1 The properties of woven upholstery fabrics (plain, mm) to an 18-mesh (1.0 by 1.0 mm) screen.
tufted, or flocked) shall conform to the specification require-
6.4.3 The tension of the specimen shall be 4 lbf (18 N) and
ments in Table 1. the compression force shall be 3 lbf (13 N).
6.4.4 Test at least two specimens in the warp direction, and
6. Test Methods (See Note 1)
at least two in the filling direction.
6.1 BreakingStrength—Determinethedrybreakingforcein
6.4.5 At the end of 3000 cycles (double rubs) examine the
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, as directed in Test
specimensforloosethreadsandwear(slightdiscolorationfrom
Method D5034, using a constant rate of extension (CRE)
the stainless steel screen on light colored fabrics is disre-
tensile testing machine.
garded). If no noticeable change is apparent, continue the test
6.2 Tear Strength—Determine the tear strength in accor-
for another 6000 cycles (a total of 9000 cycles). Examine the
dance with Test Method D2262.
specimen again. If no noticeable change is apparent, continue
the test for another 6000 cycles (a total of 15,000 cycles).
NOTE 2—If preferred, use of Test Method D1424 is permitted wi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3597–02 Designation: D 3597 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Performance Specification for
Woven Upholstery Fabrics—Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3597; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This performance specification covers the performance requirements for plain, tufted, or flocked woven upholstery fabrics
as used in the manufacture of new indoor furniture. These requirements apply to both the warp and filling directions for those
factors where each fabric direction is pertinent.
1.2 This performance specification is not applicable to fabrics used in porch, deck, or lawn furniture; nor for knitted fabrics,
bonded or laminated fabrics, or surface-coated fabrics (such as vinyls and urethanes).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 434 Test Method for Resistance to Slippage of Yarns in Woven Fabrics Using a Standard Seam
D 1175 Test Method offor Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder and Uniform Abrasion)
D 1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf)(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
D 2262 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Woven Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Method (Constant -Rate- of -Traverse
Tensile Testing Machine)
D2905Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles
D4157Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method) Test Method for Tearing Strength
of Woven Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Method (Constant-Rate-of-Traverse Tensile Testing Machine)
D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
2.2 AATCC Test Methods:
8 AATCC Colorfastness to Crocking:
Crockmeter Method
16 Colorfastness to Light
23 Colorfastness to Burnt Gas Fumes
107 Colorfastness to Water
116 Colorfastness to Crocking:
Rotary Vertical Crockmeter Method
129 Colorfastness to Ozone in the Atmosphere Under High Humidities
Gray Scale for Color Change, Evaluation Procedure 1
Chromatic Transference Scale, AATCC Evaluation Procedure 8 AATCC 9–Step Chromatic Transference Scale
Specifications Standards Test Procedures for Upholstered Furniture Fabrics
This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.63 on Home
Furnishings.
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Originally published as D3597–77. Last previous edition D3597–95 (2001)
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3597 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Issued in 1969 by the National Association of Furniture Manufacturers and the National Retail Furniture Association. Available from Home Furniture Manufacturers
Assn., P. O. Box HP-7, High Point, NC 27261.
AATCC Technical Manual, available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P. O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Available from the Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC 20580.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 3597 – 02 (2008)
Guides for the Household Furniture Industry
2.3 Federal Standard:
16CFR, Chapter II-Consumer Product Safety Commission, Subchapter D-Flammable Fabrics Act Regulation
2.4 Military Standard:
ASQ/ANSI Z1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
NOTE 1—Reference to test methods in this standard give only the permanent part of the designation of ASTM, AATCC, or other test methods. The
current editions of each test method cited shall prevail.
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this performance specification, refer to Terminology D 123. Definitions found in a
dictionary of common terms are suitable for terms used in this performance specification.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Fabrics intended for this end-use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1.
4.2 It should be recognized that fabrics can be produced utilizing an almost infinite number of combinations of construction
variables ( e.g., type of fibers, percentage of fibers, yarn twist, yarn number, warp and pick count, chemical and mechanical
finished).Additionally, fashion or aesthetics dictate that the ultimate consumer may find acceptable articles made from fabrics that
do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1.
4.2.1 Hence, no single performance specification can possibly apply to all the various fabrics that could be utilized for this
end-use.
4.3 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate section of the specified
test methods.
5. Specification Requirements
5.1 The properties of woven upholstery fabrics (plain, tufted, or flocked) shall conform to the specification requirements in
Table 1.
Issued in 1969 by the National Association of Furniture Manufacturers and the National Retail Furniture Association. Available from Home Furniture Manufacturers
Assn., P. O. Box HP-7, High Point, NC 27261.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Available from the Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC 20580.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Singer No. 23 needle, or its equivalent has been found satisfactory for this method.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
TABLE 1 Specification Requirements
Characteristics Requirements Section
Breaking strength (load) 222 N (50 lbf), min 6.1
Tongue tear strength 27 N (6 lbf), min 6.2
Resistance to yarn slippage 111 N (25 lbf), min 6.3
A
Surface abrasion
Light-duty 3000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Medium-duty 9000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Heavy-duty 15,000 cycles (double rubs), min 6.4
Dimensional change:
Warp or filling 5.0% shrinkage, max to 6.5
2.0% gain, max
B
Colorfastness to:
C D
Water, Color Change grade 4, min 6.6
C D
Solvent, Color Change grade4, min 6.7
D
Burnt gas fumes-2 cycles grade 4, min 6.8
Crocking:
E
Dry grade 4, min 6.9
E
Wet grade 3, min 6.9
D
Light-40 AATCC Fading Units grade 4, min 6.10
D
Ozone 1 cycle grade 4, min 6.11
Retention of hand, character, and appearance no significant change 6.12
Durability of back coating no significant change 6.13
Flammability pass 6.14
FTC Requirements pass 6.15
A
For guideline purposes see 6.4.1.
B
Class in the colorfastness requirements is based on a numerical scale of 5 for negligible for no colorchange or color transfer to 1 for very severe color change or color
transfer.
C
For guidelines purposes—See Section 6.6.2.
D
AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change.
E
AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale.
D 3597 – 02 (2008)
6. Test Methods (See Note 1)
6.1 Breaking Strength—Determine the dry breaking force in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, as directed in Test
Method D 5034, using a constant rate of extension (CRE) tensile testing machine.
6.2 Tear Strength—Determine the tear strength in accordance with Test Method D 2262.
NOTE 2—If preferred, use of Test Method D 1424 is permitted with existing requirements as given in this standard. However, in case of controversy,
Test Method D 2262 shall prevail.
6.3 Resistance to Yarn Slippage :
6.3.1 Determine the resistance to yarn slippage in accordance with Test Method D 434. Regardless of the disclaimer found in
1.2 of Test Method D 434, this procedure is applicable with the following modifications.
6.3.2 Sew the seam using a minimum of seven and a maximum of eight stitches per inch (320 stitches per metre).
6.3.3 Use a chrome or nickel plated needle, 0.063 in. (1.60 mm) in diameter.
6.3.4Use a No. 24-4 hard finish “Z” twist white cotton sewing thread
6.3.4 Use a No. 24-4 hard finish “Z” twist white cotton
...
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