ASTM D2210-21

Standard Test Method for Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue or wet white.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2021
• ICS: 59.140.30 - Leather and furs
• Technical Committee: D31 - Leather
• Drafting Committee: D31.03 - Footwear

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2210 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 extension—the amount of stretch of leather over the
diaphragm under pressure.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
3.1.2 grain cracking—the appearance of cracks on the
tance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the
surface of the leather as the leather is extended over a
extension of the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as
diaphragm under pressure to form a sphere.
shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery.This test method
does not apply to wet blue or wet white.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
pressure on a diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the
and are not considered standard.
fleshsideofthespecimentoformasphere.Thecrackingofthe
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
grain is a result of failure under elongation or stretch. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
elongationorstretchoftheleathercanbemeasuredatdifferent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
loads or at the failure of the grain to determine if the stress
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
leatherwillwithstandunderlastingconditions.Cuts,scratches,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and other defects will cause considerable variation in the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
resultsbyconcentrationoftheappliedforcetotheweakpoints.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This test method is excellent for manufacturing control, speci-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fication acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
property of leather. This test method may not apply when the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
conditions of the test employed differ widely from those
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specified in the test method.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
5.1 Testing Machine, asshowninFig.1.Themachineshall
D1610Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
be hand- or power-driven. The machine shall hold the speci-
ucts for Testing
men firmly, without slippage, between two annular, plane,
D1813Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather
unpolished (matte) surfaces that may have fine, spiral tool
Test Specimens
marks not over 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in depth.
5.2 Upper Clamping Surface—The upper clamping surface
3. Terminology
(clamping ring) shall have a circular opening 1.240in. 6
3.1 Definitions:
0.010in. (31.50mm 6 0.25 mm) in diameter and shall be
connectedtotheclampingmechanismthroughaswiveljointto
ensure an even clamping pressure.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test
5.3 Lower Clamping Surface—The lower clamping surface
method was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.
(diaphragm plate) shall be 0.219in. 6 0.003in. (5.56mm 6
(Standard Method E58–1965).
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
approved in 1963 as D2210–63T. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
3
D2210–13. DOI: 10.1520/D2210-21. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is B. F. Perkins, 939 Chicopee St., Chicopee, MA 01013-2797, [phone]. If
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
the ASTM w
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2210 − 13 D2210 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of the
leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet
blue.blue or wet white.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
D1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather Test Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 extension—the amount of stretch of leather over the diaphragm under pressure.
3.1.2 grain cracking—the appearance of cracks on the surface of the leather as the leather is extended over a diaphragm under
pressure to form a sphere.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test method
was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn. (Standard Method E58 – 1965).
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013Dec. 1, 2021. Published November 2013January 2022. Originally approved in 1963 as D2210 – 63T. Last previous edition approved
in 20122013 as D2210 – 00D2210 – 13.(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D2210-13.10.1520/D2210-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D2210 − 21
diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of
failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of
the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause
considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for
manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather. This test method may not
apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
5. Apparatus
3
5.1 Testing Machine, as shown in Fig. 1. The machine shall be hand- or power-driven. The machine shall hold the specimen
firmly, without slippage, between two annular, plane, unpolished (matte) surfaces that may have fine, spiral tool marks not over
0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in depth.
5.2 Upper Clamping Surface—The upper clamping surface (clamping ring) shall have a circular opening 1.240 6 0.010 in. (31.50
1.240 in. 6 0.010 in. (31.50 mm 6 0.25 mm) in diameter and shall be connected to the clamping mechanism through
...