ASTM E959-83(1999)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of solid waste size reduction equipment.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and particle size of the shredded product.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and particle size distribution.
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equipment that produces a shredded product with a size corresponding to 90% cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm (0.2-6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not apply.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific hazard information.
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Designation:E959–83 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Method for
Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction
Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 959; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology Definitions:
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of 3.1 characteristic product size—the screen size correspond-
solid waste size reduction equipment. ing to 63.2 % cumulative passing by weight.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that 3.2 discrete throughput method—the method whereby av-
is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction erage throughput is calculated as the average of a number of
equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and discrete throughput measurements conducted during a test
particle size of the shredded product. period.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring 3.3 idling time— time periods during which a size reduction
energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and device is freewheeling, that is, not processing refuse.
particle size distribution. 3.4 net processing time—the time during which refuse is
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equip- processed through the size reduction device.
ment that produces a shredded product with a size correspond- 3.5 nominal product size—the screen size corresponding to
ing to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm 90 % cumulative passing by weight.
(0.2–6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with 3.6 size reduction device or equipment—adevicewhichsize
nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias reduces (Synonyms: shredder, grinder, pulverizer, and mill).
statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not 3.7 stationary belt method—a method of gross sample
apply. collectioninwhichtheconveyorbeltisstoppedandthesample
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction of material is removed manually.
equipment located anywhere within a processing line. 3.8 time-averaged throughput method—the method
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the whereby the average throughput is calculated by dividing the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information total mass size reduced by the net processing time.
only. 3.9 test interval— a test interval is equal to one-quarter of
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the the test period.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.10 test period— the test period is two to four continuous
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- h of net-processing time.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
4.1 The duration of the test period is established and refuse
specific hazard information.
is prepared for processing.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 An energy measuring system is installed.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.3 Solid waste is processed through the size reduction
E 828 TestMethodforDesignatingtheSizeofRDF-3From equipment, energy usage and throughput is measured, and
Its Sieve Analysis samples for analysis of product particle size distribution are
E 929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re- collected.
quirements of Processing Equipment 4.4 Average throughput, power requirements, specific en-
ergy, and particle size of the shredded product are calculated.
4.5 Two methods (Time-Averaged Throughput Method and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Discrete Throughput Method [Section 10]) for measuring the
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 on
performance of size reduction equipment are described. The
Municipal Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Aug. 26, 1983. Published February 1984. selection of a particular method is governed by the layout of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the processing equipment, the location of the size-reduction
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E959–83 (1999)
equipment relative to the other processing equipment, and the equal test intervals (that is, test intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4).
preference of the parties conducting the test. Calculate the approximate duration of the test intervals using
the following relation:
5. Significance and Use
t *
p
t * . (1)
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and prod- i
uct size are key parameters that describe the operation and
where:
performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
t * = estimate of the duration of the test interval (h), and
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the p
t * = estimateddurationofthetestperiod(h),subjecttothe
p
size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and
condition 2 h# t *#4h.
meeting performance criteria. p
Weigh refuse, uniformly mixed as much as possible, and
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the
form into four discrete piles, each of which has an approximate
equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared
(nominal) weight as calculated by the following relation:
tootherequipmentsimilarlytestedinordertoestablishrelative
levels of performance among equipment. m˙ *t *
i
M* . (2)
i
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous two to four h
duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to
where:
assess adequately the performance of size reduction equip-
M* = approximate weight of the refuse pile in Mg,
i
ment.
m˙* = nominal throughput value (Mg/h) established for the
test, and
6. Apparatus
t* = estimated duration of the test interval (h) derived
i
6.1 Hand Broom.
from Eq 1.
6.2 Dust Pan.
The measured weight of each pile (M) is to be within 65%
i
6.3 Wide-mouthed Shovel.
of the nominal weight (M*). Record the weight of each pile on
i
6.4 Clock or Stopwatch, accurate to 0.1 s.
the sample data form shown in Fig. 1.
6.5 Plastic Bags, large containers, or both.
9.2 Time Measurements and Logbook—Keep a time log
6.6 Push-broom.
during the conduct of the test program, the primary purpose of
6.7 Ties and Labels.
which is to allow the calculation of net-processing time. A
6.8 Electrical Metering System.
sample format for the log is shown in Fig. 2.
6.9 Sieving Equipment, manual or mechanical.
7. Hazards
Pile No. Weight of Pile, M(Mg)
i
7.1 The test procedure described in 11.4 requires the re-
moval of shredded material from a stopped conveyor belt by
test personnel. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the
Total, M: _______________________________________
belt cannot be started while occupied. These precautions
consistoflockoutoftheelectricalpowertotheconveyor,ready
access to a safety “stop” cord located on the conveyor, or both.
7.2 This test method requires installation of electrical me-
tering equipment. Consequently, the precautions described in
Total, M:
Test Method E 929 should be observed.
__________________________________________
7.3 Gross samples should be collected sufficiently far from
the size reduction equipment such that test personnel are 9
protected from potential explosions and flying objects from the
equipment.
8. Equipment Calibration
Total, M:
_______________________________________________
8.1 All electrical metering equipment used for energy mea-
surement shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
E 929.
8.2 All weight-measuring equipment shall be calibrated
according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Total, M:
________________________________________________
9. Preparation for Test
9.1 Refuse Preparation and Establishment of Test 17
Intervals—The duration of the test period is to be a minimum
of 2 h and a maximum of 4 of net-processing time. During the
test period, collect four gross samples of shredded product Total, M: ___________________________________
from which subsamples for particle size distribution analysis
FIG. 1 Sample Data Sheet for Throughput Measurement Using
will be taken subsequently. The test period is divided into four the Time-Averaged Throughput Method
E959–83 (1999)
Site: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________
Type of Size Recorded By: _____________________________________
Reduction Device: _________________________________ Test Period No.: ___________________________________
Model No.: _______________________________________ Test Interval No.: ___________________________________
Serial No.: ________________________________________
(A) (B) (C)
Time Description of Activity/Reason for Shutdown Shredding Time, Idling Time, Shredder Shutdown,
A B
Dt (h) D t (h) D t (h)
s x y
Totals
A
Power on to size reduction equipment, but no processing of material.
B
Power off to size reduction equipment.
FIG. 2 Time Log for Testing Size Reduction Equipment
9.2.1 The key time recordings for each time interval are as thestartingtimeandrecordonthetimelog(Fig.2).Recordthe
follows: initial wattmeter reading in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy
9.2.1.1 Starting time of the time interval,
Measurement Data Sheet of Test Method E 929. Simulta-
9.2.1.2 Starting time of idling periods in which the size neously, initiate the processing of one of the four pre-weighed
reduction device is electrically energized but in which no size
piles of refuse. Make every reasonable effort to supply a
reduction of refuse is occurring, constant flow of refuse into the size-reduction device. The
9.2.1.3 Starting time of any periods in which the size
measured duration of the test interval is to be within 610 % of
reduction device is electrically shut down (de-energized), and
that estimated for t*inEq1.
i
9.2.1.4 Finishing time of the test interval.
10.4 Approximately midway through the first time interval
9.2.2 In order to obtain representative test data, it is recom-
of the test period, collect a representative gross sample for
mended that the net-processing time be a minimum of 75 % of
product particle size analysis downstream of the shredder
the duration of the test period. For example, if a four-h test
discharge. The appropriate weight of the gross sample is as
period is chosen, the net processing time should be equal to or
indicated in Fig. 3.
greater than three h.
10.5 The preferred method of collection for the gross
9.3 Setup and Use of the Energy Measuring Equipment—
sample is through diversion of the entire cross section of the
Measure energy usage of the size reduction device during the
shredded refuse stream into a collection container or through
test period using Test Method E 929. Use a rotating disk-type
collection of the entire cross section of the stream at a
wattmeter or equivalent as the measuring instrument. Install
conveying transition point. Where neither of the two preferred
and test the energy measuring equipment prior to initiating the
methods of collection can be employed, the collection of a
test period.
partial stream sample may be substituted. If partial stream
sampling is used, make a notation on the data sheet used for
10. Time-Averaged Throughput Method Procedure:
recording the weights of gross and laboratory samples (Fig. 4)
10.1 The Time-Averaged Throughput Method may be used
and the data sheets used to record particle size distribution data
in those instances where there is no stream-splitting apparatus
(Fig. 5).
upstream of the size-reduction device, for example, there is no
10.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproof
pre-trommel screen upstream of the size-reduction device.
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
10.2 After an initial one-half hour warmup period during
chosen. Record weight data on the data sheet shown in Fig. 4.
which refuse is shredded and the power measuring equipment
10.7 At the conclusion of the time interval, note the time
is functioning, allow the shreading device to empty. Subse-
and record the reading on the time log.
quent to its emptying, measure the initial freewheeling power
draw while the machine is idling using a rotating disk-type 10.8 Collect the second, third, and fourth gross samples for
wattmeter, as described in Test Method E 929. Record mea- product particle size analysis approximately midway into the
surements in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy Measurement second, third, and fourth test intervals, respectively, of the test
Data Sheet of Test Method E 929. period, following the procedures in 10.4 through 10.7 . Note
10.3 After completion of the initial freewheeling power and record on the time logs the starting times of the subsequent
measurements and at the onset of the first time interval, note test intervals.
E959–83 (1999)
Nominal Product Size, X , (cm)
FIG. 3 Weight Requirements for Gross and Lab Samples as a Function of Nominal Product Size
10.9 Following the fourth time interval and immediately transition point. Use a stopwatch to measure the time during
upon size reducing the remainder of the fourth pile of refuse, which the throughput sample is being collected.
note the time and record the final wattmeter reading on Table
11.3 Weigh and store the gross sample in a waterproof
X4 ofTest Method E 929.After the final wattmeter reading has
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
been noted, measure the final freewheeling power draw and
chosen. Record the weight of the throughput sample and the
record the data in Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data Sheet of
elapsed time of sample collection on the data sheet shown in
Test Method E 929.
Fig. 6.
11.4 Where neither of the methods of 11.2 (that is, diversion
11. Discrete Throughput Method Procedure
of the entire cross section of the process stream) can be
11.1 The Discrete Throughput Method is used in those
employed, collect throughput samples from a suitable length of
instances where splitting of the raw refuse stream occurs prior
conveyor belt downstream of the shredder discharge, using the
to its entering the size-reduction device, for example, in those
Stationary Belt Method. Simultaneously stop both the shredder
s
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