ASTM A388/A388M-08
(Practice)Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.
The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A 388/A 388M.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Used in USNRC-RDT standards
Designation: A 388/A 388M – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 388/A 388M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
2 of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
1.1 Thispractice coverstheexaminationproceduresforthe
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by
E 428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other
the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam
than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic
techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size)
Testing
method. See Appendix X3.
E 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry,
Search Units
contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be
2.2 ANSI Standard:
subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice
4
B 46.1 Surface Texture
A 388/A 388M.
2.3 Other Document:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Quali-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
5
fication and Certification SNT-TC-1A, (1988 or later)
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Terminology
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1 Definitions:
with the standard.
3.1.1 indication levels (clusters), n—five or more indica-
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifica-
tions in a volume representing a 2-in. [50-mm] or smaller cube
tions are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units.
in the forging.
However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” speci-
3.1.2 individual indications, n—single indications showing
fication designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished
a decrease in amplitude as the search unit is moved in any
to inch-pound units.
direction from the position of maximum amplitude and which
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
are too small to be considered traveling or planar.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 planar indications, n—indications shall be considered
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
continuous over a plane if they have a major axis greater than
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1 in. [25 mm] or twice the major dimension of the transducer,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
whichever is greater, and do not travel.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 traveling indications, n—inductions whose leading
3
edge moves a distance equivalent to 1 in. [25 mm] or more of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
metal depth with movement of the transducer over the surface
A 469/A 469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel
of the forging.
Forgings for Generator Rotors
A 745/A 745M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination ofAus-
4. Significance and Use
tenitic Steel Forgings
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is
required by the order or specification for inspection purposes
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A 388/A 388M – 07.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-388/SA-388M in Section II of that Code.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
the ASTM website. gate Ln., P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228–0518.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Used in USNRC-RDT standards
Designation:A 388/A 388M–07 Designation: A 388/A 388M – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 388/A 388M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size)
method. See Appendix X3.
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to
ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A 388/A 388M.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A469/A469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors
A745/A745M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
E1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4
B 46.1 Surface Texture
2.3 Other Document:
5
Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualification and Certification SNT-TC-1A, (1988 or later)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication levels (clusters), n—five or more indications in a volume representing a 2-in. [50-mm] or smaller cube in the
forging.
3.1.2 individual indications, n—single indications showing a decrease in amplitude as the search unit is moved in any direction
from the position of maximum amplitude and which are too small to be considered traveling or planar.
3.1.3 planar indications, n—indications shall be considered continuous over a plane if they have a major axis greater than 1
in. [25 mm] or twice the major dimension of the transducer, whichever is greater, and do not travel.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved MarchNov. 1, 2007.2008. Published March 2007.November 2008. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20052007 as
A 388/A 388M – 057.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-388/SA-388M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Ln., P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228–0518.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 388/A 388M – 08
3.1.4 traveling indications, n—inductions whose leading edge moves a distance equivalent to 1 i
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Used in USNRC-RDT standards
Designation:A388/A388M–07 Designation: A 388/A 388M – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 388/A 388M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size)
method. See Appendix X3.
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to
ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A 388/A 388M.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 469/A 469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors
A 745/A 745M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without
the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E 428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
E 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4
B 46.1 Surface Texture
2.3 Other Document:
5
Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualification and Certification SNT-TC-1A, (1988 or later)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication levels (clusters), n—five or more indications in a volume representing a 2-in. [50-mm] or smaller cube in the
forging.
3.1.2 individual indications, n—single indications showing a decrease in amplitude as the search unit is moved in any direction
from the position of maximum amplitude and which are too small to be considered traveling or planar.
3.1.3 planar indications, n—indications shall be considered continuous over a plane if they have a major axis greater than 1
in. [25 mm] or twice the major dimension of the transducer, whichever is greater, and do not travel.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved MarchNov. 1, 2007.2008. Published March 2007.November 2008. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20052007 as
A 388/A 388M – 057.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-388/SA-388M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Ln., P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228–0518.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 388/A 388M – 08
3.1.4 traveling indications, n—inductions whose leading edge moves a distance equivalent t
...
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