ASTM E2278-13
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—CCPs can effectively be used to reclaim surface mines (5-10). First, CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous reclamation applications. Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in mine reclamation. Project specific testing is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selected for use on a given project will meet the project objectives. Second, the use of CCPs can save money because they are available in bulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufacture and purchase of Portland cement or quicklime. Third, large-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserves valuable landfill space by recycling a valuable product to abate acid mine drainage and reduce the potential for mine subsidence, provided that the CCP is environmentally and technically suitable for the desired use. The availability of CCPs makes it possible to reclaim abandoned mineland that could not otherwise be reclaimed. The potential for leaching constituents contained in CCPs should be evaluated to ensure that there is no adverse environmental impact.
4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Behavior of CCPs—Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material and FBC ash, or combinations thereof, can be used for mine reclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits general physical and chemical properties that must be considered in the design of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specific properties of these materials vary from source to source so environmental and engineering performance testing is recommended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in mine reclamation projects.
4.2.1 Physical Properties:
4.2.1.1 Unit Weight—Unit weight is the weight per unit volume of material. Fly ash has a low dry unit weight, typically about 50 to 100 pcf (8 to 16 kN/m3). Bottom ash is also typically lighter than coarse grained soils of similar gradation. Stabilized FGD material from a wet scrubber and FGD material from a dry scrubber are also relatively lightweight, with...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the beneficial use of coal combustion products (CCPs) for abatement of acid mine drainage and revegetation for surface mine reclamation applications related to area mining, contour mining, and mountaintop removal mining. It does not apply to underground mine reclamation applications. There are many important differences in physical and chemical characteristics that exist among the various types of CCPs available for use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposed for each project must be investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activities to meet the project objectives. This guide provides procedures for consideration of engineering, economic, and environmental factors in the development of such applications.
1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describes pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.
1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal.
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for using CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generally accepted practices for using other materials, including cement and soils, in mine reclamation.
1.5 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable regulations.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2278 − 13
Standard Guide for
Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine
Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine
1
Drainage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This guide covers the beneficial use of coal combustion
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
products (CCPs) for abatement of acid mine drainage and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
revegetation for surface mine reclamation applications related
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
to area mining, contour mining, and mountaintop removal
mining. It does not apply to underground mine reclamation
2. Referenced Documents
applications. There are many important differences in physical
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
and chemical characteristics that exist among the various types
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
of CCPs available for use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposed
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
foreachprojectmustbeinvestigatedthoroughlytodesignCCP
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
placement activities to meet the project objectives. This guide
C400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
provides procedures for consideration of engineering,
Neutralization of Waste Acid
economic, and environmental factors in the development of
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
such applications.
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design
1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component 3
and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)
of a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describes
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and
Fluids
energy.
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
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1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from the istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
combustion of coal. kN-m/m ))
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for
Water Pycnometer
using CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generally
D1195 Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of
accepted practices for using other materials, including cement
Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in
and soils, in mine reclamation.
Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pave-
1.5 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state.
ments
The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
comply with applicable regulations.
Borings
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
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istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
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(2,700 kN-m/m ))
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
and are not considered standard.
Barrel Sampling of Soils
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ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 which was withdrawn in The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
June 2013 and reinstated in November 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2278-13. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2278 − 13
D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of 3.2.1 acid-forming materials—earth materials that contain
Laboratory-Compacted Soils sulfide mineral or other materials, which, if exposed to air,
D2166 Test Method for Un
...
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