ASTM D7224-23

Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosine-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by Portable Separometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a measurement of the presence of surfactants in aviation turbine fuels. Like previous obsolete Test Methods D2550 and D3602 and current Test Methods D3948 and D8073, this test method can detect trace amounts of refinery treating chemicals in fuel. The test methods can also detect surface active substances added to fuel in the form of additives or picked up by the fuel during handling from point of production to point of use. Some of these substances degrade the ability of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel.  
5.2 This test method yields approximately the same (low) MSEP ratings as Test Method D3948 for fuels that contain strong surfactants.  
5.2.1 This test method will give approximately the same MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels as Test Method D3948 when testing reference fluids.  
5.3 The MSEP ratings obtained by this test method are less affected by weak surfactants than Test Method D3948. Somewhat higher MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels are obtained by this test method than those obtained by Test Method D3948 when additives such as static dissipater additives (SDA) and corrosion inhibitors are present in the fuel. This correlates with the satisfactory performance of filter separators for such fuels, when wet. However, these same additives adversely affect the MSEP ratings obtained by Test Method D3948 by erroneously indicating that such additized fuels would significantly degrade the ability of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel in actual service.  
5.4 The Micro-Separometer instrument has an effective measurement range from 50 to 100. Values obtained outside of those limits are undefined and invalid.
Note 1: In the event a value greater than 100 is obtained, there is a good probability that light transmittance was reduced by material, typically water, contained in the fuel that was used to set the 100 reference level. During the coal...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a rapid portable means for field and laboratory use to rate the ability of kerosine-type aviation turbine fuels, both neat and those containing additives, to release entrained or emulsified water when passed through coalescing material.  
1.1.1 This test method is applicable to kerosine-type aviation turbine fuels including: Jet A and Jet A-1 (as described in Specification D1655); JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, and JP-8+100. (See Section 6.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.2 – 8.5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Jan-2023
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.J0.05 - Fuel Cleanliness

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1655-24 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D1655-23a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM D4175-23e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2023
• Refers: ASTM D1655-18 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1655-17a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16c - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16b - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1655-16 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM D4306-15 - Standard Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1655-15d - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2015
• Refers: ASTM D6615-15a - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1655-15b - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM D6615-15 - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1655-15 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2015

Overview

ASTM D7224-23 is the Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosine-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by Portable Separometer. Issued by ASTM International, this test method provides a portable, rapid means in both field and laboratory settings to evaluate the capability of aviation turbine fuels-specifically Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, and JP-8+100-to release entrained or emulsified water when processed through coalescing materials representative of commercial filter separator elements. This is essential for ensuring fuel cleanliness and safety, directly supporting fuel system reliability and minimizing water-related operational risks in aviation fuel systems. ASTM D7224-23 is closely aligned with international fuel quality standards and reflects industry advancements in coalescing technology and additive handling.

Key Topics

• Detection of Surfactants and Additives: The method detects the presence of both refinery treatment chemicals and surface active substances, which may degrade the performance of filter separators.
• Micro-Separometer (MSEP) Ratings: Utilizes portable Micro-Separometer instruments to rate the water separation capability of aviation fuels. The effective and valid MSEP measurement range is 50 to 100; results outside this range are not defined by the standard.
• Comparative Performance: Yields similar MSEP ratings to ASTM D3948 for fuels with strong surfactants. When fuels contain certain additives (such as static dissipator additives or corrosion inhibitors), this method provides somewhat higher and more accurate readings, correlating better with actual filter separator performance.
• Portable, Field-Ready Procedure: Designed for rapid testing in various environments, enabling timely assessment of aviation turbine fuel cleanliness and water separation performance.
• Practical Precision: Improved precision and relevance to current coalescing media used in commercial filter separators, minimizing the likelihood of false negative results due to weak surfactants.

Applications

• Aviation Fuel Quality Control: Essential for refineries, storage facilities, and airlines to ensure delivered aviation turbine fuels (Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8) meet strict quality standards for water separation, especially when fuels are treated with additives.
• Field Testing: Airlines, fuel handlers, and maintenance organizations use ASTM D7224-23 for on-site rapid monitoring of aviation kerosene fuel quality, facilitating quick decisions on fuel acceptance or rejection.
• Additive Management: Allows operators to validate that additive levels (such as static dissipator additives and corrosion inhibitors) do not compromise water removal efficiency in fuel handling systems.
• Filter Separator Performance Verification: Directly supports operational reliability by ensuring that fuels will not impair the function of filter separators or increase the risk of water carryover into aircraft fuel systems.
• Compliance with International Standards: Facilitates alignment with international fuel governance and trade requirements, reinforcing safety, operational integrity, and regulatory compliance.

Related Standards

• ASTM D3948: Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
• ASTM D8073: Test Method for Determination of Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale Water Separation Instrument
• ASTM D1655: Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• ASTM D4306: Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
• ASTM D7261: Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Diesel Fuels by Portable Separometer

ASTM D7224-23 serves as a critical tool for ensuring aviation fuel safety, providing a robust, practical, and internationally recognized procedure for evaluating the water separation properties of fuels in the presence of modern additives and handling conditions. By following this standard, stakeholders support aviation reliability, compliance, and the highest levels of fuel system integrity.

Keywords: ASTM D7224-23, aviation turbine fuel, kerosine-type fuel, water separation, Micro-Separometer, MSEP rating, surfactant detection, fuel additives, filter separator performance, Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, fuel quality control, portable field testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7224 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosine-
Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by
Portable Separometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method was developed to satisfy three objectives: (1) Develop a test method that would
respond in the same manner as Test Method D3948 to strong surfactants, but not give low
micro-separometer(MSEP)ratingstofuelscontainingweaksurfactants(additives)thatdonotdegrade
the performance of commercial filter separator elements; (2) Use filter media in the coalescer test that
would be representative of the filtration media in commercial filter separator elements; and (3)
Improve the precision of the test method compared to Test Method D3948.
This test method was developed using material that is representative of coalescing materials
currently used in commercial filter separator elements. The fiberglass coalescing material used in Test
Method D3948 was suitable for coalescing filters in use when that test method was developed, but
developments in coalescing elements in the intervening years have resulted in improved materials that
are not affected by weak surfactants. Test Method D3948 yields low results on some additized fuels
that do not affect the performance of filter separators (coalescing filters) in actual service. Since this
test method was developed with material that is representative of the media used in current filter
separators, the results by this test method are more relevant to performance in current filter separators.
1. Scope* mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 8.2 – 8.5.
1.1 This test method covers a rapid portable means for field
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and laboratory use to rate the ability of kerosine-type aviation
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
turbine fuels, both neat and those containing additives, to
release entrained or emulsified water when passed through ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
coalescing material. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.1 This test method is applicable to kerosine-type avia-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tion turbine fuels including: Jet A and Jet A-1 (as described in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Specification D1655); JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, and JP-8+100. (See
Section 6.)
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
D2550 Method of Test for Water Separation Characteristics
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1989)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D3602 Test Method for Water Separation Characteristics of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3
Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1994)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2023. Published January 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D7224 – 20. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D7224-23. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7224 − 23
D3948 TestMethodforDeterminingWaterSeparationChar- 3.2.4.1 Discussion—Strong surfactants can be refinery pro-
acteristicsofAviationTurbineFuelsbyPortableSeparom- cess chemicals left in the fuel or contaminants introduced
eter during transportation of the fuel.
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid 3.2.5 surfactant, n—in petroleum fuels, surface active ma-
Fuels, and Lubricants
terial (or surface active agent) that could disarm (deactivate)
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for filter separator (coalescing) elements so that free water is not
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
removed from the fuel in actual service.
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Technically, surfactants affect the inter-
Fuel
facial tension between water and fuel which affects the
D7261 TestMethodforDeterminingWaterSeparationChar-
tendency of water to coalesce into droplets.
acteristics of Diesel Fuels by Portable Separometer
3.2.6 weak surfactant, n—in petroleum fuels, surface active
D8073 Test Method for Determination of Water Separation
material, typically certain types of additives such as static
Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale
dissipator additive, that does not adversely affect the perfor-
Water Separation Instrument
4 mance of filter separator elements in actual service.
2.2 Military Standards:
MIL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation Grades JP-4 and 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
JP-5 3.3.1 MCell Coalescer, n—referring to a particular coalesc-
MIL-DTL-25524 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Thermally Stable
ing filter element specifically designed for this test method.
(JPTS)
3.4 Abbreviations:
MIL-DTL-38219 Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7
3.4.1 AOT—aerosol OT (see 8.1).
MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type,
3.4.2 DSEP—diesel separability.
JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO
F-37) 3.4.3 MSEP—micro-separometer.
3.4.4 SDA—static dissipator additive.
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of the terms used in this test method that
4. Summary of Test Method
are not shown below, refer to Test Methods D3948 and D7261
4.1 A water/fuel sample emulsion is created in a syringe
and Terminology D4175.
using a high-speed mixer. The emulsion is then expelled from
3.2 Definitions:
5 5 the syringe at a programmed rate through a specific fiberglass
3.2.1 Micro-Separometer rating (MSEP rating), n—in the
coalescer, the MCell Coalescer, and the effluent is analyzed
aviation fuel industry, a numerical value indicating the ease of
for uncoalesced water (that is, dispersed water droplets) by a
separating emulsified water from aviation (jet) fuel by coales-
light transmission measurement. The Micro-Separometer in-
cence as affected by the presence of surface active materials
strument has an effective range of 50-to-100 scaled to the
(also known as surface active agents or surfactants).
nearest whole number. A test can be performed in 5 min to
3.2.1.1 Discussion—MSEPratings are only valid within the
10 min.
range of 50 to 100, with ratings at the upper end of the range
indicating a clean fuel with little or no contamination by
5. Significance and Use
surfactants, which is expected to show good water-separating
properties when passed through a filter-separator (coalescing 5.1 This test method provides a measurement of the pres-
type filter) in actual service. ence of surfactants in aviation turbine fuels. Like previous
obsolete Test Methods D2550 and D3602 and current Test
3.2.2 reference fluid, n—in MSEP and DSEP , [diesel sepa-
Methods D3948 and D8073, this test method can detect trace
rability] water separability tests, a reference fluid base to
amounts of refinery treating chemicals in fuel. The test
which a prescribed quantity of a known surface active agent
methodscanalsodetectsurfaceactivesubstancesaddedtofuel
has been added.
in the form of additives or picked up by the fuel during
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The known surface active agent is typi-
handling from point of production to point of use. Some of
cally bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate, commonly re-
these substances degrade the ability of filter separators to
ferred to as AOT, dissolved in toluene.
separate free water from the fuel.
3.2.3 reference fluid base, n—in aviation MSEP water
5.2 This test method yields approximately the same (low)
separability tests, jet fuel that has been cleaned in a prescribed
MSEP ratings as Test Method D3948 for fuels that contain
mannertoremoveallsurface-activecontaminants(agents),and
strong surfactants.
having a minimum MSEP rating of 97.
5.2.1 This test method will give approximately the same
3.2.4 strongsurfactant,n—inpetroleumfuels,surfaceactive
MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels as
material that disarms filter separator elements, allowing water
Test Method D3948 when testing reference fluids.
to pass.
Available online at ASSIST Quick Search, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
5 6
Atrademark of EMCEE Electronics, Inc., 520 CypressAve.,Venice, FL34285, Aregistered trademark of EMCEE Electronics, Inc., 520 CypressAve., Venice,
www.emcee-electronics.com. FL 34285, www.emcee-electronics.com.
D7224 − 23
FIG. 1 Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Associated Control Panel
5.3 The MSEP ratings obtained by this test method are less effect battery recharge. The power cords, test accessories and
affected by weak surfactants than Test Method D3948. Some- operators manual can be packed in the cover of the lockable
what higher MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and case.
JP-8 fuels are obtained by this test method than those obtained
NOTE 2—An extensive study was performed to verify that the Mark X
by Test Method D3948 when additives such as static dissipater
Micro-Separometer instrument gives equivalent results to the Mark V
additives (SDA) and corrosion inhibitors are present in the
Deluxe Micro-Separometer instrument. See Research Report RR:D02-
1647.
fuel. This correlates with the satisfactory performance of filter
NOTE 3—The Mark X has a universal power supply and requires only
separators for such fuels, when wet. However, these same
onepowercordascomparedtotheMarkVDeluxethatrequiresindividual
additives adversely affect the MSEP ratings obtained by Test
power cords for different voltages.
Method D3948 by erroneously indicating that such additized
7.1.1 Review the Operating Manual of the Micro-
fuels would significantly degrade the ability of filter separators
Separometer instrument that is furnished with each unit (and is
to separate free water from the fuel in actual service.
also available from the manufacturer’s website) for operating
5.4 The Micro-Separometer instrument has an effective
instructions. The instrument is not field repairable. Also note
measurement range from 50 to 100. Values obtained outside of
that this instrument is designed to perform a number of
those limits are undefined and invalid.
different functions in addition to this specific test method.
NOTE 1—In the event a value greater than 100 is obtained, there is a
7.1.2 The Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Mark X
good probability that light transmittance was reduced by material,
instruments and associated control panels are shown in Fig. 1
typicallywater,containedinthefuelthatwasusedtosetthe100reference
and Fig. 2, respectively. The emulsifier is on the right side of
level.Duringthecoalescingportionofthetest,thecontaminatingmaterial
as well as the 50 µL 6 1 µL of distilled water was subsequently removed
the raised panel and the syringe drive mechanism is on the left
during this portion of the test. Thus, the processed fuel had a higher light
side. The control panel containing the operating controls is
transmittance than the fuel sample used to obtain the 100 reference level
mounted on the fixed panel in the left side of the case. Table 1
resulting in the final rating measuring in excess of 100.
lists the manual and audio operating characteristics of the
instrument.
6. Interferences
7.1.3 All of the controls are located in a push-button array
6.1 Any suspended particles, whether solid or water drop-
on the control panel. The push-buttons illuminate when de-
lets or haze, in a fuel sample will interfere with this test
pressed thus indicating operational status. A circuit breaker
method, which utilizes light transmission of a fuel sample after
located on the control panel provides protection for the ac
emulsification with water and subsequent coalescence.
power circuit.
7.1.3.1 The Mark X has an LCD display on the control
7. Apparatus
panel that provides information to the operator during the test.
7.1 Micro-Separometer Instrument is used to perform the
The information includes test status and an error code that
test. The unit is completely portable and self-contained, ca-
defines a malfunction in the Micro-Separometer instrument.
pable of operating on an (optional) internal rechargeable
7.1.4 The turbidimeter is located under the main control
battery pack or being connected to an ac power source using
panel and consists of a well in which the sample vial is placed
power cords which are available for various voltages. Connec-
(in a specified orientation), a light source and a photocell.
tion to an ac power source will provide power to the unit and
7.1.5 By depressing the ON push-button, the electronic
circuits are energized. The ON push-button pulses on and off
7 when the instruments are being operated by an ac source and
The sole source of supply of the apparatus, the Model 1140 Micro-Separometer
remains constantly on when the battery (dc) pack is used. The
Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments, known to the committee at this time is
EMCEE Electronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice, FL 34285, www.emcee-
electronics.com . If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D02-1647.ContactASTMCustomer
you may attend. Service at [e-mail].
D7224 − 23
FIG. 2 Micro-Separometer Mark X Instrument and Associated Control Panel
TABLE 1 Manual and Audio Operating Characteristics of the Model 1140 Micro-Separometer Instrument
Available Test Mode(s) Function Mark V Deluxe Mark X
Test Mode—Select Mode A:
Depress A push-button Jet A Pushbutton
Syringe Drive Not required Not required
Speed Selection Not required Not required
Clean Cycle:
Depress START push-button Clean 1
Clean 2
Initiate Automatic Test Sequence:
Depress START push-button Run
Cancel Automatic Sequence:
Depress RESET push-button RESET push-button
1st Meter Read
1st Meter Adjust Depress ARROWED push-buttons No action required
2nd Meter Read
2nd Meter Adjust Depress ARROWED push-buttons No action required
Collect Sample Short Tone and C/S Short Tone and C/S
Annunciator Lamp Illuminates Annunciator Lamp Illuminates
3rd Meter Read
Record Measurement Pulsed Tone Sounds5sinto Steady tone
3rd Meter Reading
lettered push-buttons will sequentially illuminate indicating 7.2.4 By depressing the appropriate ARROWED push-
READY operational status.
button, the displayed value on the meter can be increased or
decreased, as required, to attain the 100 reference level for the
NOTE 4—Of the lettered (A-G) pushbuttons on the control panel of the
vial of fuel sample in the turbidimeter.
Mark V Deluxe, only the A pushbutton is applicable to this test method.
Of the lettered (Jet A – Diesel) pushbuttons on the control panel of the
7.3 Mark X Operation:
Mark X, only the Jet A pushbutton is applicable to this test method.
7.3.1 Selection ofTest ModeAprogram is accomplished by
7.1.6 The RESET push-button can be depressed at any time
depressing the Jet A lettered pushbutton. The depressed push-
to cancel the test in progress and restore the program to the
button illuminates and the sequential illumination of the other
initial start mode. The lettered push-buttons commence to
lettered pushbuttons ceases. The CLEAN 1 pushbutton also
sequentially illuminate, thus indicating a READY operational
illuminates.
status enabling test mode selection.
7.3.2 The first and second clean cycles are initiated by
7.2 Mark V Operation:
depressing the CLEAN 1 and CLEAN 2 pushbuttons. The
7.2.1 Depress the A push-button to select test Mode A. The
RUN pushbutton will illuminate at the end of the second clean
depressed push-button and the START push-button will illu-
cycle.
minate.
7.2.2 The START push-button, when depressed initially, 7.3.3 The automatic portion of the test sequence is initiated
initiates the CLEAN cycle causing the syringe drive mecha-
by depressing the RUN pushbutton.
nism to travel to the UP position and the emulsifier motor to
7.3.4 The 100 reference level for the vial of fuel in the
operate for the cleaning operation.
turbidimeter is set automatically and does not require any
7.2.3 The START push-button, when depressed after the
adjustment.Iftheturbidimetercouldnotautoadjustto100,the
secondCLEANcycleinitiatestheautomaticprogramsequence
error alert indicator illuminates and an ERR-04 is displayed.
causing the read indicator and the two ARROWED push-
7.4 Accessory equipment and expendable materials needed
buttons to illuminate, indicating that a full-scale adjustment
to perform the test are shown in Fig. 3 and consist of the
period is in effect. A numerical value also appears on the
display. following:
D7224 − 23
FIG. 3 Test Items and Expendables
FIG. 4 Syringe Barrel with Scribe Mark
7.4.1 Connector (A)—A plastic connector used to affix the
MCell Coalescer to the aluminum syringe barrel.The connec-
tor is not required with the plastic syringe.
7.4.2 Syringe Plug (B)—A plastic plug used to stopper the
syringe during the CLEAN and EMULSION cycles.
7.4.3 Syringe, (Barrel (C) and Plunger (D)), either:
7.4.3.1 A single use plastic syringe and plunger, which is
furnished in each six-pack (7.5), or
7.4.3.2 A reusable aluminum syringe and plunger. The
barrel of the aluminum syringe has an internal, circumferential
scribe mark that indicates the 50 mL fill level (Fig. 4). The
plunger has an external, circumferential scribe mark that
indicates the point of insertion in the syringe barrel to where
the plunger tip comes into contact with the fuel.
7.4.3.3 Use of syringes other than those demonstrated to be
free of surfactant contamination in a precision program such as
described in Section 15 will render test results invalid.
7.4.4 Vials, (E)—A25 mm outside diameter vial premarked
for proper alignment in the turbidimeter well.
7.4.5 MCell Coalescer, (F)—An expendable coalescer cell
with a tapered end in which the plastic connector is inserted.
The other end of the plastic connector is inserted in the tapered
end of the syringe barrel. Coalescer is labeled in red back-
FIG. 5 Water Addition
ground with black lettering:
MCell, JET FUEL. D7224
7.4.6 Plastic Tip and Pipet, (G) with (H)—A disposable
8. Reagents and Materials
plastic tip and an automatic 50 µL hand pipet. Plastic tips are
8.1 Aerosol OT (AOT), solid (100 % dry) bis-2-ethylhexyl
supplied with each six-pack and a pipet is supplied with each
Micro-Separometer. sodium sulfosuccinate.
7.4.7 Distilled Water (I)—A clean container of double-
8.2 Toluene, ACS reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable.
distilledwater.Acontainerofdouble-distilledwaterissupplied
Vapor harmful.).
with each six-pack. A holder for the water container is affixed
8.3 Dispersing Agent, Toluene solution (Warning—
to the control panel (Fig. 10).
Flammable. Vapor harmful.) containing 1 mg of AOT per
7.4.8 Beaker, Catch Pan, or Plastic Container—(supplied
millilitre of toluene.
with each Micro-Separometer) used to receive the waste fuel
during the coalescing period of the test (not shown). 8.4 Reference Fluid Base—A surfactant-free clean hydro-
carbon material which is used to verify proper operation and is
7.5 A plastic connector, syringe plug, test sample vial,
prepared in the manner described in Appendix X1.
MCell Coalescer, plastic syringe with plunger, pipet tip and
(Warning—Flammable. Vapor harmful.)
distilled water are used in each test. These expendable mate-
rials are packaged so that each package has sufficient expend- 8.5 Reference Fluid—(Warning—Flammable. Vapor harm-
ables to perform one test. ful.) A fluid used for checking the operational performance of
D7224 − 23
FIG. 8 Insert Plunger
FIG. 6 Emulsification
tolerance test results are cause for returning the instrument to
the factory for adjustment and calibration. (Refer to the
Operators Manual. )
NOTE 5—The reference fluid base without any dispersing agent should
have a minimum MSEP rating of 97; otherwise, the results may not be
indicative of the accuracy of the instrument.
8.5.1 Reference fluids shall be prepared by adding dispers-
ing agent (8.3) to a suitable quantity of reference fluid base
contained in a properly equilibrated container or graduate.
8.5.1.1 If a new or non-equilibrated container is used, the
additive can adsorb on the walls and the MSEP ratings can
erroneously improve significantly. To equilibrate the container
surface, an additive blend should be held for a minimum of
24 h in the container, discarded, and replaced with a fresh
blend.
8.6 Water, clean, double-distilled and surfactant-free (fur-
nished with each six-pack).
8.6.1 Useofwaterotherthandouble-distilledwater(suchas
tap or deionized water) will render test results invalid.
9. Hazards
FIG. 7 Meter Adjustment
9.1 The primary hazard in this test method is the flamma-
bility of the fuels that are tested. Take suitable precautions to
avoid sparks, flames or sources of ignition.
the Micro-Separometer instrumentation, consisting of increas-
9.2 Minimize worker exposure to breathing fuel vapors.
ing concentrations (0.0 mL⁄Lto 0.8 mL/L) of dispersing agent
added to the reference fluid base. The MSEP ratings for this
10. Sampling and Sample Preparation
range of concentration appear in Table 2 for Jet A, Jet A-1,
10.1 Special precautions concerning sampling technique
JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels using Mode A. The reference fluids
and sample containers are described in Appendix X2. Extreme
are tested as described in Section 13. If the results do not fall
within the range of limits shown in Table 2, the reference fluid
shall be discarded and a fresh quantity of reference fluid 9
A Micro-Separometer Instrument Operation Manual is furnished with each
prepared and the validation repeated. Repeated out-of- instrument. It may also be downloaded from www.emcee-electronics.com.
D7224 − 23
FIG. 10 Coalescence
TABLE 2 Expected Performance with Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7,
or JP-8 Reference Fluid Containing a Dispersing Agent Using
Mode A Operation
Limits for
Concentration
Standard A
Acceptable Performance
of Dispersing
Rating
Agent, mL/L
min max
0.0 99 97 100
FIG. 9 Syringe Assembly 0.2 89 82 94
0.4 80 69 88
0.6 72 59 83
0.8 65 51 77
care and cleanliness are required in taking samples either A
Expected range of values obtained by using increasing amounts of dispersing
directly into the test syringe or into a sample container. Before agent used to verify instrument calibration.
pouring the test specimen from the container, wipe the con-
tainer outlet thoroughly with a clean, lintless wiper; pour the
test specimen into a clean beaker or directly into the barrel of
the test syringe.
10.1.1 Testmethodresultsareknowntobesensitivetotrace placethesamplecontainerinawaterbathuntilthetemperature
contamination from sampling containers. Refer to Practice is within the prescribed limits. The preferred temperature for
testing is approximately 27 °C (80 °F).
D4306 for recommended sampling containers.
10.2 Under no circumstances shall a sample be pre-filtered,
11. Preparation of Apparatus
becausefiltermediacanremovetheverymaterials,surfactants,
that the test method is designed to detect. 11.1 Locate the instrument on a clean workbench in an area
10.2.1 Haze in a sample can be indicative of free water, where the temperature is between 18 °C and 29 °C (65 °F and
which can result in MSEP ratings in excess of 100. 85 °F) and does not vary more than 63 °C (5 °F).
10.2.2 If the sample is contaminated with particulate matter
11.2 Open the case and remove the power cord and test
or haze, allow such materials to settle out of the sample before
accessories from the lid. Raise the right panel until completely
testing.
vertical and locked in place. If ac power is available, connect
10.2.3 If a sample does not clear up after being allowed to
the power cord, and turn the instrument on. If the internal
stand for a period of time, the sample cannot be tested by this
battery power is used, ensure that the batteries are charged
test method.
sufficientlytoperformthedesirednumberoftests.Lowbattery
10.3 If the sample is not within the test temperature limits, power is indicated when the power lamp does not illuminate.
18 °C to 29 °C (65 °F to 85 °F), allow the sample to stand or To recharge the battery, connect the instrument to an ac power
D7224 − 23
source for at least 16 h (full charge) prior to use. Depending on 12. Calibration and Verification
the age of the battery, approximately 25 tests can then be
12.1 The instrument is calibrated at the factory by using
performed.
in-house test fixtures.
NOTE 6—If the battery in the Mark X is not charged sufficiently to run
12.2 Instrument performance, especially for field use, may
a test, an ERR-06 will be displayed indicating that the battery must be
be verified by performing MSEP tests using a dilution of the
recharged.
dispersing agent (as prepared in 8.3), a reference fluid base (as
11.2.1 Turn the Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments on
prepared in Appendix X1), and double-distilled water. A 10:1
by depressing the switch (push-button) marked ON. The ON
dilution is prepared by diluting 10 mLof dispersing agent with
power indicator light will alternately pulse on and off when the
90 mL of toluene (8.2). Since 1 mL of dilution is equal to
instrument is connected to an ac power source and will stay on
0.1 mL of dispersing agent, 50 mL of dilution is equal to
continuously when operated by the battery pack. Flickering of
0.1 mL⁄L when added to 50 mL of reference fluid base. The
the power indicator light, during any portion of a test sequence
0.1 mL⁄Lof dispersing agent corresponds to even multiples of
being performed using battery power, indicates that recharging
the concentration levels listed in Table 2. This facilitates using
is necessary.
the 50 mL pipet (7.4.6) to add increments of 0.1 mL⁄L of
11.3 Have ready a supply of vials, MCell Coalescers,
dispersing agent, as well as the double-distilled water required
plastic syringes with plungers, syringe plugs, pipet tips, as well
for the MSEP test. Depending on the type of reference fluid
as a clean container of double-distilled water. All of these
base, the MSEPratings are compared to the values listed in the
expendable items are furnished in each six-pack.Also have the
applicable table for the particular concentration of dispersing
pipetthatisfurnishedwitheachMicro-Separometerinstrument
agent used.
readily available. If the aluminum syringe and plunger are
12.3 If the results do not fall within the range of limits
being used instead of the plastic syringe, have a plastic
shown in Table 2, the reference fluid shall be discarded, a fresh
connector available as well.
quantity of reference fluid prepared, and the check repeated.
11.3.1 Under most circumstances, either the plastic syring
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7224 − 20 D7224 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosine-
Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by
Portable Separometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method was developed to satisfy three objectives: (1) Develop a test method that would
respond in the same manner as Test Method D3948 to strong surfactants, but not give low
micro-separometer (MSEP) ratings to fuels containing weak surfactants (additives) that do not degrade
the performance of commercial filter separator elements; (2) Use filter media in the coalescer test that
would be representative of the filtration media in commercial filter separator elements; and (3)
Improve the precision of the test method compared to Test Method D3948.
This test method was developed using material that is representative of coalescing materials
currently used in commercial filter separator elements. The fiberglass coalescing material used in Test
Method D3948 was suitable for coalescing filters in use when that test method was developed, but
developments in coalescing elements in the intervening years have resulted in improved materials that
are not affected by weak surfactants. Test Method D3948 yields low results on some additized fuels
that do not affect the performance of filter separators (coalescing filters) in actual service. Since this
test method was developed with material that is representative of the media used in current filter
separators, the results by this test method are more relevant to performance in current filter separators.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a rapid portable means for field and laboratory use to rate the ability of kerosine-type aviation turbine
fuels, both neat and those containing additives, to release entrained or emulsified water when passed through fiberglass coalescing
material.
1.1.1 This test method is applicable to kerosine-type aviation turbine fuels including: Jet A and Jet A-1 (as described in
Specification D1655); JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, and JP-8+100. (See Section 6.)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.2 – 8.5.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020Jan. 15, 2023. Published June 2020January 2023. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20182020 as
D7224 – 14 (2018).D7224 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D7224-20.10.1520/D7224-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7224 − 23
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2550 Method of Test for Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1989)
D3602 Test Method for Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1994)
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
D7261 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Diesel Fuels by Portable Separometer
D8073 Test Method for Determination of Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale Water
Separation Instrument
2.2 Military Standards:
MIL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation Grades JP-4 and JP-5
MIL-DTL-25524 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Thermally Stable (JPTS)
MIL-DTL-38219 Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7
MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO F-37)
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of the terms used in this test method that are not shown below, refer to Test Methods D3948 and D7261 and
Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions:
5 5
3.2.1 Micro-Separometer rating (MSEP rating), n—in the aviation fuel industry, a numerical value indicating the ease of
separating emulsified water from aviation (jet) fuel by coalescence as affected by the presence of surface active materials (also
known as surface active agents or surfactants).
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
MSEP ratings are only valid within the range of 50 to 100, with ratings at the upper end of the range indicating a clean fuel with
little or no contamination by surfactants, which is expected to show good water-separating properties when passed through a
filter-separator (coalescing type filter) in actual service.
3.2.2 reference fluid, n—in MSEP and DSEP , [diesel separability] water separability tests, a reference fluid base to which a
prescribed quantity of a known surface active agent has been added.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The known surface active agent is typically bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate, commonly referred to as AOT, dissolved in
toluene.
3.2.3 reference fluid base, n—in aviation MSEP water separability tests, jet fuel that has been cleaned in a prescribed manner to
remove all surface-active contaminants (agents), and having a minimum MSEP rating of 97.
3.2.4 strong surfactant, n—in petroleum fuels, surface active material that disarms filter separator elements, allowing water to pass.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Strong surfactants can be refinery process chemicals left in the fuel or contaminants introduced during transportation of the fuel.
3.2.5 surfactant, n—in petroleum fuels, surface active material (or surface active agent) that could disarm (deactivate) filter
separator (coalescing) elements so that free water is not removed from the fuel in actual service.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available online at ASSIST Quick Search, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
A trademark of EMCEE Electronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice, FL 34285, www.emcee-electronics.com.
D7224 − 23
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
Technically, surfactants affect the interfacial tension between water and fuel which affects the tendency of water to coalesce into
droplets.
3.2.6 weak surfactant, n—in petroleum fuels, surface active material, typically certain types of additives such as static dissipator
additive, that does not adversely affect the performance of filter separator elements in actual service.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 MCell Coalescer, n—referring to a particular coalescing filter element specifically designed for this test method.
3.4 Abbreviations:
3.4.1 AOT—aerosol OT (see 8.1).
3.4.2 DSEP—diesel separability.
3.4.3 MSEP—micro-separometer.
3.4.4 SDA—static dissipator additive.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A water/fuel sample emulsion is created in a syringe using a high-speed mixer. The emulsion is then expelled from the syringe
at a programmed rate through a specific fiberglass coalescer, the MCell Coalescer, and the effluent is analyzed for uncoalesced
water (that is, dispersed water droplets) by a light transmission measurement. The Micro-Separometer instrument has an effective
range of 50-to-100 scaled to the nearest whole number. A test can be performed in 5 min to 10 min.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a measurement of the presence of surfactants in aviation turbine fuels. Like previous obsolete Test
Methods D2550 and D3602 and current Test MethodMethods D3948 and D8073, this test method can detect trace amounts of
refinery treating chemicals in fuel. The test methods can also detect surface active substances added to fuel in the form of additives
or picked up by the fuel during handling from point of production to point of use. Some of these substances degrade the ability
of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel.
5.2 This test method yields approximately the same (low) MSEP ratings as Test Method D3948 for fuels that contain strong
surfactants.
5.2.1 This test method will give approximately the same MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels as Test Method
D3948 when testing reference fluids.
5.3 The MSEP ratings obtained by this test method are less affected by weak surfactants than Test Method D3948. Somewhat
higher MSEP ratings for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8 fuels are obtained by this test method than those obtained by Test
Method D3948 when additives such as static dissipater additives (SDA) and corrosion inhibitors are present in the fuel. This
correlates with the satisfactory performance of filter separators for such fuels, when wet. However, these same additives adversely
affect the MSEP ratings obtained by Test Method D3948 by erroneously indicating that such additized fuels would significantly
degrade the ability of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel in actual service.
5.4 The Micro-Separometer instrument has an effective measurement range from 50 to 100. Values obtained outside of those limits
are undefined and invalid.
NOTE 1—In the event a value greater than 100 is obtained, there is a good probability that light transmittance was reduced by material, typically water,
contained in the fuel that was used to set the 100 reference level. During the coalescing portion of the test, the contaminating material as well as the 50 μL
6 1 μL of distilled water was subsequently removed during this portion of the test. Thus, the processed fuel had a higher light transmittance than the
fuel sample used to obtain the 100 reference level resulting in the final rating measuring in excess of 100.
A registered trademark of EMCEE Electronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice, FL 34285, www.emcee-electronics.com.
D7224 − 23
FIG. 1 Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Associated Control Panel
6. Interferences
6.1 Any suspended particles, whether solid or water droplets or haze, in a fuel sample will interfere with this test method, which
utilizes light transmission of a fuel sample after emulsification with water and subsequent coalescence.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Micro-Separometer Instrument is used to perform the test. The unit is completely portable and self-contained, capable of
operating on an (optional) internal rechargeable battery pack or being connected to an ac power source using power cords which
are available for various voltages. Connection to an ac power source will provide power to the unit and effect battery recharge.
The power cords, test accessories and operators manual can be packed in the cover of the lockable case.
NOTE 2—An extensive study was performed to verify that the Mark X Micro-Separometer instrument gives equivalent results to the Mark V Deluxe
Micro-Separometer instrument. See Research Report RR:D02-1647.
NOTE 3—The Mark X has a universal power supply and requires only one power cord as compared to the Mark V Deluxe that requires individual power
cords for different voltages.
7.1.1 Review the Operating Manual of the Micro-Separometer instrument that is furnished with each unit (and is also available
from the manufacturer’s website) for operating instructions. The instrument is not field repairable. Also note that this instrument
is designed to perform a number of different functions in addition to this specific test method.
7.1.2 The Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments and associated control panels are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.
2, respectively. The emulsifier is on the right side of the raised panel and the syringe drive mechanism is on the left side. The
control panel containing the operating controls is mounted on the fixed panel in the left side of the case. Table 1 lists the manual
and audio operating characteristics of the instrument.
7.1.3 All of the controls are located in a push-button array on the control panel. The push-buttons illuminate when depressed thus
indicating operational status. A circuit breaker located on the control panel provides protection for the ac power circuit.
7.1.3.1 The Mark X has an LCD display on the control panel that provides information to the operator during the test. The
information includes test status and an error code that defines a malfunction in the Micro-Separometer instrument.
7.1.4 The turbidimeter is located under the main control panel and consists of a well in which the sample vial is placed (in a
specified orientation), a light source and a photocell.
7.1.5 By depressing the ON push-button, the electronic circuits are energized. The ON push-button pulses on and off when the
The sole source of supply of the apparatus, the Model 1140 Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments, known to the committee at this time is EMCEE
Electronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice, FL 34285, www.emcee-electronics.com . If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1647. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [e-mail].
D7224 − 23
FIG. 2 Micro-Separometer Mark X Instrument and Associated Control Panel
TABLE 1 Manual and Audio Operating Characteristics of the Model 1140 Micro-Separometer Instrument
Available Test Mode(s) Function Mark V Deluxe Mark X
Test Mode—Select Mode A:
Depress A push-button Jet A Pushbutton
Syringe Drive Not required Not required
Speed Selection Not required Not required
Clean Cycle:
Depress START push-button Clean 1
Clean 2
Initiate Automatic Test Sequence:
Depress START push-button Run
Cancel Automatic Sequence:
Depress RESET push-button RESET push-button
1st Meter Read
1st Meter Adjust Depress ARROWED push-buttons No action required
2nd Meter Read
2nd Meter Adjust Depress ARROWED push-buttons No action required
Collect Sample Short Tone and C/S Short Tone and C/S
Annunciator Lamp Illuminates Annunciator Lamp Illuminates
3rd Meter Read
Record Measurement Pulsed Tone Sounds 5 s into Steady tone
3rd Meter Reading
instruments are being operated by an ac source and remains constantly on when the battery (dc) pack is used. The lettered
push-buttons will sequentially illuminate indicating READY operational status.
NOTE 4—Of the lettered (A-G) pushbuttons on the control panel of the Mark V Deluxe, only the A pushbutton is applicable to this test method. Of the
lettered (Jet A – Diesel) pushbuttons on the control panel of the Mark X, only the Jet A pushbutton is applicable to this test method.
7.1.6 The RESET push-button can be depressed at any time to cancel the test in progress and restore the program to the initial
start mode. The lettered push-buttons commence to sequentially illuminate, thus indicating a READY operational status enabling
test mode selection.
7.2 Mark V Operation:
7.2.1 Depress the A push-button to select test Mode A. The depressed push-button and the START push-button will illuminate.
7.2.2 The START push-button, when depressed initially, initiates the CLEAN cycle causing the syringe drive mechanism to travel
to the UP position and the emulsifier motor to operate for the cleaning operation.
7.2.3 The START push-button, when depressed after the second CLEAN cycle initiates the automatic program sequence causing
the read indicator and the two ARROWED push-buttons to illuminate, indicating that a full-scale adjustment period is in effect.
A numerical value also appears on the display.
7.2.4 By depressing the appropriate ARROWED push-button, the displayed value on the meter can be increased or decreased, as
required, to attain the 100 reference level for the vial of fuel sample in the turbidimeter.
7.3 Mark X Operation:
D7224 − 23
FIG. 3 Test Items and Expendables
7.3.1 Selection of Test Mode A program is accomplished by depressing the Jet A lettered pushbutton. The depressed pushbutton
illuminates and the sequential illumination of the other lettered pushbuttons ceases. The CLEAN 1 pushbutton also illuminates.
7.3.2 The first and second clean cycles are initiated by depressing the CLEAN 1 and CLEAN 2 pushbuttons. The RUN pushbutton
will illuminate at the end of the second clean cycle.
7.3.3 The automatic portion of the test sequence is initiated by depressing the RUN pushbutton.
7.3.4 The 100 reference level for the vial of fuel in the turbidimeter is set automatically and does not require any adjustment. If
the turbidimeter could not auto adjust to 100, the error alert indicator illuminates and an ERR-04 is displayed.
7.4 Accessory equipment and expendable materials needed to perform the test are shown in Fig. 3 and consist of the following:
7.4.1 Connector (A)—A plastic connector used to affix the MCell Coalescer to the aluminum syringe barrel. The connector is not
required with the plastic syringe.
7.4.2 Syringe Plug (B)—A plastic plug used to stopper the syringe during the CLEAN and EMULSION cycles.
7.4.3 Syringe, (Barrel (C) and Plunger (D)), either:
7.4.3.1 A single use plastic syringe and plunger, which is furnished in each six-pack (7.5), or
7.4.3.2 A reusable aluminum syringe and plunger. The barrel of the aluminum syringe has an internal, circumferential scribe mark
that indicates the 50 mL fill level (Fig. 4). The plunger has an external, circumferential scribe mark that indicates the point of
insertion in the syringe barrel to where the plunger tip comes into contact with the fuel.
7.4.3.3 Use of syringes other than those demonstrated to be free of surfactant contamination in a precision program such as
described in Section 15 will render test results invalid.
7.4.4 Vials, (E)—A 25 mm outside diameter vial premarked for proper alignment in the turbidimeter well.
7.4.5 MCell Coalescer, (F)—An expendable coalescer cell with a tapered end in which the plastic connector is inserted. The other
end of the plastic connector is inserted in the tapered end of the syringe barrel. Coalescer is labeled in red background with black
lettering:
MCell, JET FUEL. D7224
7.4.6 Plastic Tip and Pipet, (G) with (H)—A disposable plastic tip and an automatic 50 μL hand pipet. Plastic tips are supplied
with each six-pack and a pipet is supplied with each Micro-Separometer.
D7224 − 23
FIG. 4 Syringe Barrel with Scribe Mark
FIG. 5 Water Addition
7.4.7 Distilled Water (I)—A clean container of double-distilled water. A container of double-distilled water is supplied with each
six-pack. A holder for the water container is affixed to the control panel (Fig. 10).
7.4.8 Beaker, Catch Pan, or Plastic Container—(supplied with each Micro-Separometer) used to receive the waste fuel during the
coalescing period of the test (not shown).
7.5 A plastic connector, syringe plug, test sample vial, MCell Coalescer, plastic syringe with plunger, pipet tip and distilled water
are used in each test. These expendable materials are packaged so that each package has sufficient expendables to perform one test.
8. Reagents and Materials
8.1 Aerosol OT (AOT), solid (100 % dry) bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate.
8.2 Toluene, ACS reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable. Vapor harmful.).
D7224 − 23
FIG. 8 Insert Plunger
FIG. 6 Emulsification
FIG. 7 Meter Adjustment
FIG. 9 Syringe Assembly
D7224 − 23
FIG. 10 Coalescence
8.3 Dispersing Agent, Toluene solution (Warning—Flammable. Vapor harmful.) containing 1 mg of AOT per millilitre of toluene.
8.4 Reference Fluid Base—A surfactant-free clean hydrocarbon material which is used to verify proper operation and is prepared
in the manner described in Appendix X1. (Warning—Flammable. Vapor harmful.)
8.5 Reference Fluid—(Warning—Flammable. Vapor harmful.) A fluid used for checking the operational performance of the
Micro-Separometer instrumentation, consisting of increasing concentrations (0.0 mL ⁄L to 0.8 mL/L) of dispersing agent added to
the reference fluid base. The MSEP ratings for this range of concentration appear in Table 2 for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8
fuels using Mode A. The reference fluids are tested as described in Section 13. If the results do not fall within the range of limits
shown in Table 2, the reference fluid shall be discarded and a fresh quantity of reference fluid prepared and the validation repeated.
Repeated out-of-tolerance test results are cause for returning the instrument to the factory for adjustment and calibration. (Refer
to the Operators Manual. )
NOTE 5—The reference fluid base without any dispersing agent should have a minimum MSEP rating of 97; otherwise, the results may not be indicative
of the accuracy of the instrument.
8.5.1 Reference fluids shall be prepared by adding dispersing agent (8.3) to a suitable quantity of reference fluid base contained
in a properly equilibrated container or graduate.
8.5.1.1 If a new or non-equilibrated container is used, the additive can adsorb on the walls and the MSEP ratings can erroneously
improve significantly. To equilibrate the container surface, an additive blend should be held for a minimum of 24 h in the container,
discarded, and replaced with a fresh blend.
8.6 Water, clean, double-distilled and surfactant-free (furnished with each six-pack).
8.6.1 Use of water other than double-distilled water (such as tap or deionized water) will render test results invalid.
A Micro-Separometer Instrument Operation Manual is furnished with each instrument. It may also be downloaded from www.emcee-electronics.com.
D7224 − 23
TABLE 2 Expected Performance with Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5, JP-7,
or JP-8 Reference Fluid Containing a Dispersing Agent Using
Mode A Operation
Limits for
Concentration
Standard A
Acceptable Performance
of Dispersing
Rating
Agent, mL/L
min max
0.0 99 97 100
0.2 89 82 94
0.4 80 69 88
0.6 72 59 83
0.8 65 51 77
A
Expected range of values obtained by using increasing amounts of dispersing
agent used to verify instrument calibration.
9. Hazards
9.1 The primary hazard in this test method is the flammability of the fuels that are tested. Take suitable precautions to avoid sparks,
flames or sources of ignition.
9.2 Minimize worker exposure to breathing fuel vapors.
10. Sampling and Sample Preparation
10.1 Special precautions concerning sampling technique and sample containers are described in Appendix X2. Extreme care and
cleanliness are required in taking samples either directly into the test syringe or into a sample container. Before pouring the test
specimen from the container, wipe the container outlet thoroughly with a clean, lintless wiper; pour the test specimen into a clean
beaker or directly into the barrel of the test syringe.
10.1.1 Test method results are known to be sensitive to trace contamination from sampling containers. Refer to Practice D4306
for recommended sampling containers.
10.2 Under no circumstances shall a sample be pre-filtered, because filter media can remove the very materials, surfactants, that
the test method is designed to detect.
10.2.1 Haze in a sample can be indicative of free water, which can result in MSEP ratings in excess of 100.
10.2.2 If the sample is contaminated with particulate matter or haze, allow such materials to settle out of the sample before testing.
10.2.3 If a sample does not clear up after being allowed to stand for a period of time, the sample cannot be tested by this test
method.
10.3 If the sample is not within the test temperature limits, 18 °C to 29 °C (65 °F to 85 °F), allow the sample to stand or place
the sample container in a water bath until the temperature is within the prescribed limits. The preferred temperature for testing is
approximately 27 °C (80 °F).
11. Preparation of Apparatus
11.1 Locate the instrument on a clean workbench in an area where the temperature is between 18 °C and 29 °C (65 °F and 85 °F)
and does not vary more than 63 °C (5 °F).
11.2 Open the case and remove the power cord and test accessories from the lid. Raise the right panel until completely vertical
and locked in place. If ac power is available, connect the power cord, and turn the instrument on. If the internal battery power is
used, ensure that the batteries are charged sufficiently to perform the desired number of tests. Low battery power is indicated when
the power lamp does not illuminate. To recharge the battery, connect the instrument to an ac power source for at least 16 h (full
charge) prior to use. Depending on the age of the battery, approximately 25 tests can then be performed.
NOTE 6—If the battery in the Mark X is not charged sufficiently to run a test, an ERR-06 will be displayed indicating that the battery must be recharged.
D7224 − 23
11.2.1 Turn the Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments on by depressing the switch (push-button) marked ON. The ON power
indicator light will alternately pulse on and off when the instrument is connected to an ac power source and will stay on
continuously when operated by the battery pack. Flickering of the power indicator light, during any portion of a test sequence being
performed using battery power, indicates that recharging is necessary.
11.3 Have ready a supply of vials, MCell Coalescers, plastic syringes with plungers, syringe plugs, pipet tips, as well as a clean
container of double-distilled water. All of these expendable items are furnished in each six-pack. Also have the pipet that is
furnished with each Micro-Separometer instrument readily available. If the aluminum syringe and plunger are being used instead
of the plastic syringe, have a plastic connector available as well.
11.3.1 Under most circumstances, either the plastic syringe or the aluminum syringe may be used. Research and round robin
studies during the development of this test method demonstrated that aluminum and plastic syringes had equivalent precision.
Under very dry ambient conditions (when electrostatic charges can readily develop in the plastic syringe, giving erroneously high
results), or in case of dispute, use the aluminum syringe.
11.4 Syringe drive travel times during the coalescing test period were initially calibrated at the factory for each mode of operation
and have a significant bearing on the final test results.
11.4.1 The acceptable drive travel time range for Mode A operation is 45 s 6 2 s.
NOTE 7—Slow syringe drive travel times exceeding the upper limit (47 s) will cause the final results to measure high; conversely, fast travel times below
the lower limit (43 s) will cause the final results to measure low.
11.4.2 Both the Mark V Deluxe and Mark X instruments have self-check circuitry to detect out-of-tolerance syringe drive travel
times. The alert indicator lamp (marked SYR) illuminates and depending on the degree (more than 3 s) of the out-of-tolerance
condition, three short (1 s) tones will also sound.
11.4.2.1 An occasional out-of-tolerance alert may be experienced due to some intermittent condition that probabl
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