ASTM F1157-04(2023)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical Properties of Security Seals
Standard Practice for Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical Properties of Security Seals
ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods for testing the physical properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or procedural specifications required for different types of security seals. A security seal shall be evaluated in accordance with its classification into one of five general groups and its performance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending, impact, low temperature impact, and high temperature pull (tensile). A security seal shall receive a grade designation based upon its measured performance in each of the required tests. The seals shall be classified according to groups: Group 1; Group 2; Group 3; Group 4; and Group 5. Pull test, shear test, bending test, impact test, and extreme temperature tests shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physical properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or procedural specifications required for different types of security seals. This practice does not address adhesive (tape or label style) or electronic types of security seals.
1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for comparing the response of various security seals under different simulated modes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first be classified into established groupings, and then tested in the manner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, in accordance with Classification F832.
1.3 A mechanical security seal is a single use, passive device intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealed item. Removal of the security seal requires permanent and irreversible damage to the seal. The following procedures reflect the relative performance of security seals when subject to various destructive physical attacks. These tests simulate known and likely security seal implementation and attack methods.
1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification markings for authentication purposes to discourage duplication and to prevent reapplication. This practice does not address unique identifiers or vulnerabilities of security seals.
Note 1: See Guide F1158 for procedures on the inspection and evaluation of tampering of security seals. See also Guide F946.
1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice to interpret their specific security needs concerning the application of seals, and to determine the grade of seal appropriate for their particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibility for losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether the defeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.
1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1157 − 04 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical
Properties of Security Seals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given
1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physical
for information only.
properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or
test procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. This
procedural specifications required for different types of secu-
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
rity seals. This practice does not address adhesive (tape or label
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
style) or electronic types of security seals.
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for comparing the
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
response of various security seals under different simulated
regulatory limitations prior to use.
modes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first be
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
classified into established groupings, and then tested in the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
manner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
accordance with Classification F832.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.3 A mechanical security seal is a single use, passive
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
device intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealed
item. Removal of the security seal requires permanent and
2. Referenced Documents
irreversible damage to the seal. The following procedures
2.1 ASTM Standards:
reflect the relative performance of security seals when subject
F832 Classification for Security Seals
to various destructive physical attacks. These tests simulate
F883 Performance Specification for Padlocks
known and likely security seal implementation and attack
F946 Guide for Establishing Security Seal Control and
methods.
Accountability Procedures
1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification mark-
F1158 Guide for Inspection and Evaluation of Tampering of
ings for authentication purposes to discourage duplication and
Security Seals
to prevent reapplication. This practice does not address unique
3. Terminology
identifiers or vulnerabilities of security seals.
NOTE 1—See Guide F1158 for procedures on the inspection and
3.1 Definitions:
evaluation of tampering of security seals. See also Guide F946.
3.1.1 locked seal—condition, as intended by the
manufacturer, which secures the sealed item and cannot be
1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice to
reversed or opened without physical destruction of the security
interpret their specific security needs concerning the applica-
seal.
tion of seals, and to determine the grade of seal appropriate for
their particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibility
3.1.2 open condition—condition which could allow entry
for losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether the
into the sealed item and, for the purposes of this practice, a
defeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.
failed security seal.
3.1.3 security seal—passive, one-time locking device used
to indicate tampering or entry, and may be designed to offer
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.50 on
Locking Devices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F1157 – 04 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F1157-04R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1157 − 04 (2023)
limited resistance to forced entry. Security seals require inspec- 5.2.1 Groups:
tion to determine a tampering or entry event.
5.2.1.1 Group 1—Flexible cable and wire seals, which can
be fixed or adjustable length.
4. Summary of Practice
5.2.1.2 Group 2—Strap and cinch seals.
4.1 A security seal shall be evaluated in accordance with its
5.2.1.3 Group 3—Rigid bolt and rod seals, including heavy
classification into one of five general groups and its perfor-
duty metal padlock type.
mance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending,
5.2.1.4 Group 4—Twisted rod or wire seals (pigtail).
impact, low temperature impact, and high temperature pull
5.2.1.5 Group 5—Padlock type seals, scored seals, metal or
(tensile).
plastic base.
4.2 A security seal shall receive a grade designation based
5.3 If a particular security seal does not appear to fall into
upon its measured performance in each of the required tests.
any of these general classifications, the closest description shall
This grade shall be obtained by testing five individual seals in
be chosen by the user. The effectiveness of the testing
each of the six specific tests. A minimum of 30 security seal
procedures and relevance of the test data may be jeopardized
specimens shall be required to complete testing. The grade
by a faulty classification choice. These general groupings shall
designation shall be determined by comparing the average
be assigned the arbitrary numerical listing of one through five,
value of the five test results to the corresponding grade
respectively, as shown in 5.2.1. The group number shall be
classification tables presented in this practice.
documented with the test results.
4.3 All tests shall be performed at ambient room tempera-
5.4 The required performance levels in any test category
ture 65 °F 6 5 °F (18.3 °C 6 2.8 °C) unless otherwise indi-
shall not be affected by this general classification (see 5.2.1);
cated.
only the manner in which the seal is physically manipulated
5. Seal Classification during subsequent testing shall be affected by this portion of
the evaluation. All seals shall be tested in a locked position
5.1 General—For the purpose of defining the most appro-
using test fixtures appropriate for the seal group.
priate test configuration of the security seal during tests, the
security seal shall be classified as an initial step in accordance
6. Test Procedures
with the groups defined in Classification F832.
6.1 Pull (Tensile) Test:
5.2 For the purpose of comparing the physical properties of
security seals, seals are grouped in accordance with the 6.1.1 Apply a pull (tensile) load to the locked security seal
following description of application seals: in a direction opposite to the motion required to lock the seal.
NOTE 1—Pin diameter 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) for smallest cross section dimension less than or equal to 0.125 in. (318 mm).
NOTE 2—Pin diameter 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) for smallest cross section dimension greater than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
NOTE 3—Tolerance: 60.010 in. (0.254 mm).
FIG. 1 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Groups 1 and 2
F1157 − 04 (2023)
FIG. 2 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Group 3
FIG. 3 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-
ments for Group 4
FIG. 5 Schematic Drawings of Possible Pull (Tensile) Test Fix-
ture Configurations
6.2.1 Apply a shear force to the security seal specimen to
measure its resistance to a severing action. The shear plane
shall occur at the security seal’s weakest section. The shear rate
shall be 0.5 in. ⁄min 6 0.2 in. ⁄min (1.27 cm ⁄min 6 0.508 cm-
⁄min).
6.2.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determined
by the specimen’s cross-sectional dimensions, material, and
FIG. 4 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-
construction.
ments for Group 5
6.2.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
The travel rate of the test shall be 2 in. ⁄min 6 1 in. ⁄min
6.2.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
(5.08 cm ⁄min 6 2.54 cm ⁄min).
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
6.1.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determined
specimen.
by the group classification of the security seal. Figs. 1-4 show
(1) Conduct shear tests with the shackle cutting fixture and
fixture requirements for the classification groups. Possible
blades defined in Performance Specification F883 (see Fig. 6).
fixture configurations are shown in Fig. 5.
(2) Conduct shear test with precise shear fixture defined in
6.1.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
Fig. 7 if the fixture defined in 6.2.2.2(1) cannot sever the
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
security seal. The precision cutting fixture is designed for
6.1.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
smaller cross sections and flexible materials. (Warning—Do
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
not exceed a shear force greater than 2000 lbf (8896 N). If a
specimen.
specimen does not sever during the application of 2001 lbf
6.1.3 Record the tensile value required to cause an open
(8900 N), halt test and unload test equipment. Record shear
condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the grade
force of 2000 lbf (8896 N). Do not test specimen to failure.
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 1.
Sudden and violent rupture of the test specimen can endanger
6.2 Shear Test: personnel, equipment, and property.)
F1157 − 04 (2023)
is defined as one complete arc of 180°. Assign the grade
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 3.
6.3.3 Rigid security seals include rigid bolt, rod and heavy
duty metal padlock security seals (Group 3), and twisted rod or
wire seals (Group 4), and shall be subjected to bending. Fig. 9
shows necessary fixture requirements.
6.3.3.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
6.3.3.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
specimen.
6.3.3.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0°. Bend
the security seal and measure the moment necessary to bend
from 0° to 90°. Reverse the applied bending and measure the
moment necessary to cause a bend from 90° to 0°. Repeat this
range of motion, until the security seal exhibits an open
condition. For calculation purposes, the moment arm is defined
as the perpendicular distance between line of action of the
applied force and the point of bend.
6.3.3.4 Record the maximum bending moment required to
cause an open condition for each of the five test specimens.
Assign the grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table
4.
6.3.4 Metallic hasp padlock security seals (Group 5) shall be
subjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 10 shows
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
necessary fixture requirements.
NOTE 2—See Performance Specification F883 for definition of cutter
6.3.4.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
jaws.
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
FIG. 6 Fixture for Use in Shear Test for Security Seals (Patterned
After Padlock Shackle Cutting Fixture in Performance Specifica-
6.3.4.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
tion F883)
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
specimen.
6.3.4.3 Apply a moment to the security seal body until the
seal exhibits an open condition.
6.2.3 Record the shear force required to cause an open
6.3.4.4 Record the maximum moment required to cause an
condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the grade
open condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 2.
grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 4.
6.3 Bending Test:
6.3.5 Non-metallic hasp padlock security seals (Group 5)
6.3.1 Apply a moment to the security seal specimen to
shall be subjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 11
measure its resistance to a bending or twisting action. For the
shows necessary fixture requirements.
purpose of the bending test, security seals are categorized as
6.3.5.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
flexible (Groups 1 and 2), rigid (Groups 3 and 4), padlocks
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
with metallic hasps (Group 5), and padlocks with non-metallic
6.3.5.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
hasps (Group 5).
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
6.3.2 Flexible security seals include cable and wire seals
specimen.
(Group 1), and strap and cinch seals (Group 2) and shall be
6.3.5.3 The pre-test orientation with the torsion bar contact-
subjected to bending. Fig. 8 shows necessary fixture require-
ing both shackle legs shall be considered 0°. Rotate the torsion
ments.
bar from 0° to 90° so the bar is in constant contact with the
6.3.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
shackle legs. Reverse the motion and rotate the bar from 90° to
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
0°. Repeat this arc of 90° until the security seal exhibits an
6.3.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
open condition.
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
6.3.5.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an open
specimen.
condition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycle
6.3.2.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0°. Bend
is defined as a rotation from 0° to 90° to 0°. Assign the grade
the security seal from 0° to 90°. Reverse the motion and bend
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 3.
the secu
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