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ASTM D2457-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.
Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of these surface properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films, and
1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
Note 1—The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D 523; those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C 346.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2008
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.40 - Optical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2457-03 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D2457-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7445-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding with Foam Plastic Backing (Backed Vinyl Siding)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7793-21 - Standard Specification for Insulated Vinyl Siding
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D5767-18 - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Measurement of Distinctness-of-Image (DOI) Gloss of Coated Surfaces
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4635-16 - Standard Specification for Plastic Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2103-15 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4477-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid (Unplasticized) Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Soffit
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3981-09a(2016) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3679-21 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4649-20 - Standard Guide for Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2457–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
Geometry
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measure-
ment of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque
3. Terminology
and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
method, see Terminology E284.
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss
4. Significance and Use
films, and
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the
1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of
NOTE 1—The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of
gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same
measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523; those for the 45°
measurement procedure and same general type of material. In
procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.
particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measured by any single number.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measure-
ments of these surface properties.
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
5. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents
2
5.1 Instrumental Components—Each apparatus (Note 3)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shall consist of an incandescent light source furnishing an
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
incident beam, means for locating the surface of the specimen,
Materials
and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of rays
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
reflected by the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensi-
E284 Terminology of Appearance
tive device responding to visible radiation.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
NOTE 3—The 75-, 60-, and 20-deg procedures require apparatus iden-
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
tical to that specified in Test Method D523. The 45° procedure requires
apparatus like that specified in Test Method C346.
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
5.2 Geometric Conditions—The axis of the incident beam
shall be at one of the specified angles fromthe perpendicular to
the specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
mirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. With a flat
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.
piece of polished black glass or other front-surface mirror in
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally
specimen position, an image of the source shall be formed at
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2457 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/D2457-08.
the center of the receptor field stop (receptor window). The
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
length of the illuminated area of the specimen shall be equal to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
not more than one third of the distance from the center of this
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. area to the receptor field stop. The angular dimensions and
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2457–08
TABLE 1 Angular Dimensions and Tolerances of Geometry of Source and Receptor Field Stops
Source Field Stop Receptor Field Stop
In Plane of Measur
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2457–03 Designation:D2457–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and
transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films, and
1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
NOTE 1—The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D 523; those for the 45° procedure
are similarly taken from Test Method C 346.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 346 Test Method for 45°45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic Materials
D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
E 1349Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology E 284.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss
values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular,
gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute
of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of
these surface properties.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Instrumental Components—Each apparatus (Note 3) shall consist of an incandescent light source furnishing an incident
beam, means for locating the surface of the specimen, and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of rays reflected by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties .
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D2457–97.
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2457 – 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2457–08
the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensitive device responding to visible radiation.
NOTE 3—The 75-, 60-, and 20-deg procedures require apparatus identical to that specified inTest Method D 523.The 45° procedure requires apparatus
like that specified in Test Method C 346.
5.2 Geometric Conditions—The axis of the incident beam shall be at one of the specified angles from the perpendicular to the
specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at the mirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. With a fla
...

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5.1.1 The right side of the above equation (the difference between the surface energies of the gas - solid and solid - liquid interfaces) is defined as the wetting tension of the solid surface. It is not a fundamental property of the surface but depends on interaction between the solid and a particular environment.  
5.1.2 When the gas is air saturated with vapors of the liquid, γGL will be the surface tension of the liquid. If the angle of contact is 0° the liquid is said to just wet the surface of the solid, and in this particular case (since cos θ = 1) the wetting tension of the solid will be equal to the surface tension of the liquid.  
5.2 The ability of polyethylene and polypropylene films to retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc., is primarily dependent upon the character of their surfaces, and can be improved by one of several surface-treating techniques. These same treating techniques have been found to increase the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface in contact with mixtures of formamide and ethyl Cellosolve in the presence of air. It is therefore possible to relate the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface to its ability to accept and retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc. The measured wetting tension of a specific film surface can only be related to acceptable ink, coating, or adhesive retention through experience. Wetting tension in itself is not a completely acceptable measur...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wetting tension of a polyethylene or polypropylene film surface in contact with drops of specific test solutions in the presence of air.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This test method and the specified reagents were specifically developed for polyethylene and polypropylene films. It is possible to utilize this test method and the specified reagents for films composed of other polymers, but this can affect the surface energies of the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, which will affect the contact angle and wetting tension. The applicability and significance for use of non-polyolefin materials must be established by the user.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 9.
Note 2: This test method is equivalent to ISO 8296.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2291/D2291M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fabrication of Ring Test Specimens for Glass-Resin Composites

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D2290 and D2344/D2344M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Three final ring configurations are included.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1494-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Diffuse Light Transmission Factor of Reinforced Plastics Panels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain the diffuse light transmittance factor of both flat and corrugated translucent building panels by the use of simple apparatus and by employing as a light source a combination of fluorescent tubes whose energy distribution closely approximates CIE Source C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the diffuse light transmission factor of translucent reinforced plastics building panels.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in the parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in Tables and Figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4551-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed Water-Containment Membrane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water containment membranes that include fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. The plastic materials shall meet the inherent viscosity and compound density requirements and shall be subjected to tests that have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. Qualification tests shall be performed wherein the sheeting shall conform to the following physical property requirements: thickness; stress-strain properties such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, and elongation at break; tear resistance; pinholes; microorganism resistance; puncture resistance; indentation resistance; folding resistance; chemical resistance to distilled water, soapy water, or alkali; hydrostatic pressure resistance; shrinkage; and volatile loss.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water-containment-membranes in applications where there is potential for costly secondary damage from water leakage and very long-term reliable performance is essential. Examples are fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria, and methods of marking.  
1.2 Recycled materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use.  
1.4 This specification does not cover water-containment membranes exposed to ultraviolet light.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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