ASTM D3501-05a(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These methods determine the compressive strength of structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.
Method A—This method is applicable to structural panels of uniform properties within a panel. It is useful for evaluating plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers, and determining the effect of chemical or preservative treatments, construction, principal direction with respect to direction of stress, and other variables that are expected to uniformly influence the panel.
Method B:
The compressive properties obtained by this method are a reliable approximation of the strength of a full-size panel, and are intended for use in design.
The compressive properties are influenced by buckling; however, this effect can be eliminated in this test by restraining the edges of the specimens.
It is recommended that where comparisons are to be made, that the same method and specimen size be used throughout. This is because the volume of material included in a test specimen can influence the compressive strength regardless of whether the material properties are uniform throughout the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or manufacturing features.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compression properties of wood-based structural panels. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.
1.2 Method A, Compression Test for Small Specimens—This method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of compression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate maximum compressive strength only.
1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large Specimens—This method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that influence compression properties of structural panels.
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following:
1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels,
1.3.1.2 Evaluating the effects of moisture content on strength properties of structural panels,
1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural panels, and
1.3.1.4 Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufacturing variables on compression properties of structural panels.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3501 − 05a (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D2395 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
compression properties of wood-based structural panels.
tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood,
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
and of wood-based layers.
1.2 Method A, Compression Test for Small Specimens—This
3. Significance and Use
method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with
3.1 These methods determine the compressive strength of
respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of com-
structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of
pression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and
the panel.
compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate
3.2 Method A—This method is applicable to structural
maximum compressive strength only.
panels of uniform properties within a panel. It is useful for
1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large Specimens—This
evaluating plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers, and
method employs large specimens and responds well to manu-
determining the effect of chemical or preservative treatments,
facturing variables and growth characteristics that influence
construction, principal direction with respect to direction of
compression properties of structural panels.
stress, and other variables that are expected to uniformly
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following: influence the panel.
1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels,
3.3 Method B:
1.3.1.2 Evaluating the effects of moisture content on 3.3.1 The compressive properties obtained by this method
strength properties of structural panels,
are a reliable approximation of the strength of a full-size panel,
and are intended for use in design.
1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural
3.3.2 The compressive properties are influenced by buck-
panels, and
ling; however, this effect can be eliminated in this test by
1.3.1.4 Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufac-
restraining the edges of the specimens.
turing variables on compression properties of structural panels.
3.4 It is recommended that where comparisons are to be
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
made, that the same method and specimen size be used
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
throughout. This is because the volume of material included in
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
a test specimen can influence the compressive strength regard-
and are not considered standard.
less of whether the material properties are uniform throughout
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
manufacturing features.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Control of Moisture Content
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Condition structural panel samples to be tested at a
specific moisture content or relative humidity to approximate
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3501 – 05a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3501-05aR11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3501 − 05a (2011)
constant weight in controlled atmospheric conditions before 8. Evaluation of Both Compressive Strength and Elastic
testing. For panels used under dry conditions, a relative Properties
humidityof65 62 %atatemperatureof68 66°F(20 63°C)
8.1 Support laterally test specimens ⁄4 in. (6 mm) or less in
is preferred.
thickness intended for use in obtaining load deformation data
to prevent buckling during the test, but do not exert undue
5. Variables Influencing the Compressive Properties of
pressure against the sides of the specimen. This support shall
Structural Panels
not measurably restrain the normal compressive deformation
under load. A satisfactory method of providing lateral support
5.1 Moisture Content—Cut a moisture content sample hav-
2 2
is illustrated in Fig. 1, and a detailed design of this apparatus
ing minimum area of 2 in. (13 cm ) from the clear areas of the
is shown in Fig. 2.
specimen and weigh immediately after each test. Moisture
content samples from large specimens of Method B shall have
9. Loading Procedure
2 2
minimum area of 8 in. (52 cm ). If inspection of the edges of
9.1 Apply the load through a spherical bearing block pref-
a plywood panel reveals the presence of a knot in any ply,
erablyofthesuspended,self-aligningtype.Applytheloadwith
select a second sample. Moisture content samples also serving
a continuous motion of the movable head so as to cause failure
as specific gravity samples shall be free of voids. Moisture
within 3 to 10 min after initiation of loading. A rate of 0.003
content determinations shall be made in accordance with Test
in./in. (mm/mm) of length of the specimen per minute within a
Methods D4442.
permissible variation of 625 % has usually proved satisfac-
5.2 Specific Gravity—Determine specific gravity in accor-
tory.
dance with Test Methods D2395. The specimen may be the
9.2 Measure the elapsed time from initiation of loading to
same as that for moisture content determination but must have
3 3
maximum load and record to the nearest ⁄2 min.
volume of at least 1 in. (16 cm ) if from small specimens, and
3 3
at least 3 in. (49 cm ) if from large specimens, and be free of
10. Load-Deformation Curves
visible knots or voids.
10.1 Take data for load-deformation curves to determine the
METHOD A—COMPRESSION TEST modulus of elasticity and the proportional limit. Choose
FOR SMALL SPECIMENS
increments of load so that not less than 12 readings of load and
deformation are taken to the proportional limit. Read the
6. Direction of Grain, Fibers, or Layers deformation to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.002 mm). Attach
compressometers over the central portion of the length of the
6.1 The direction of the individual plies, laminations, or
specimen with the points of attachment not less than ⁄4 in. (18
layers shall be parallel, perpendicular, or inclined at any other
mm) from the specimen ends. Fig. 3 shows a type of Lamb’s
required angle to the length of the test specimen.
roller compressometer, with a 2-in. (50-mm) gage length is
suitable for specimens 3 ⁄2 to 6 in. (90 to 150 mm) in length.A
7. Test Specimen
suitable arrangement of a Martin’s mirror having a 2-in.
7.1 The test specimen shall be rectangular in cross section. (50-mm) gage length for measuring deformations of laterally
The thickness, width, and length of each specimen shall be supported specimens is illustrated in Fig. 1.
measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3 % or 0.001 in.
11. Alternative Test for Evaluation of Maximum
(0.02 mm), whichever is larger.
Compressive Strength Only
7.2 When tests to evaluate both elastic and compressive
11.1 In the alternative test for the evaluation of maximum
strength properties are required, the size of the specimens shall
compressive strength only, apply the load through a spherical
be as follows:
loading block with a continuous rate of cross-head movement
7.2.1 For Material Over ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in Thickness, the
so as
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3501–05a (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compression properties of wood-based structural panels. Wood-based
structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.
1.2 Method A, Compression Test for Small Specimens—This method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with
respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of compression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and
compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate maximum compressive strength only.
1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large Specimens—This method employs large specimens and responds well to
manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that influence compression properties of structural panels.
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following:
1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels,
1.3.1.2 Evaluating the effects of moisture content on strength properties of structural panels,
1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural panels, and
1.3.1.4 Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufacturing variables on compression properties of structural panels.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These methods determine the compressive strength of structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the
panel.
3.2 Method A—This method is applicable to structural panels of uniform properties within a panel. It is useful for evaluating
plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers, and determining the effect of chemical or preservative treatments, construction,
principal direction with respect to direction of stress, and other variables that are expected to uniformly influence the panel.
3.3 Method B:
3.3.1 The compressive properties obtained by this method are a reliable approximation of the strength of a full-size panel, and
are intended for use in design.
3.3.2 The compressive properties are influenced by buckling; however, this effect can be eliminated in this test by restraining
the edges of the specimens.
3.4 It is recommended that where comparisons are to be made, that the same method and specimen size be used throughout.
This is because the volume of material included in a test specimen can influence the compressive strength regardless of whether
the material properties are uniform throughout the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or manufacturing features.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3501 – 05a. DOI:
10.1520/D3501-05aR11.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3501–05a (2011)
4. Control of Moisture Content
4.1 Condition structural panel samples to be tested at a specific moisture content or relative humidity to approximate constant
weight in controlled atmospheric conditions before testing. For panels used under dry conditions, a relative humidity of 65 62%
at a temperature of 68 6 6°F (20 6 3°C) is preferred.
5. Variables Influencing the Compressive Properties of Structural Panels
2 2
5.1 Moisture Content—Cut a moisture content sample having minimum area of 2 in. (13 cm ) from the clear areas of the
specimenandweighimmediatelyaftereachtest.MoisturecontentsamplesfromlargespecimensofMethodBshallhaveminimum
2 2
area of 8 in. (52 cm ). If inspection of the edges of a plywood panel reveals the presence of a knot in any ply, select a second
sample. Moisture content samples also serving as specific gravity samples shall be free of voids. Moisture content determinations
shall be made in accordance with Test Methods D4442.
5.2 Specific Gravity—Determine specific gravity in accordance with Test Methods D2395. The specimen may be the same as
3 3
that for moisture content determination but must have volume of at least 1 in. (16 cm ) if from small specimens, and at least 3
3 3
in. (49 cm ) if from large specimens, and be free of visible knots or voids.
METHOD A—COMPRESSION TEST
FOR SMALL SPECIMENS
6. Direction of Grain, Fibers, or Layers
6.1 The direction of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel, perpendicular, or inclined at any other required
angle to the length of the test specimen.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 The test specimen shall be rectangular in cross section.The thickness, width, and length of each specimen shall be measured
to an accuracy of not less than 60.3 % or 0.001 in. (0.02 mm), whichever is larger.
7.2 When tests to evaluate both elastic and compressive strength properties are required, the size of the specimens shall be as
follows:
7.2.1 For Material Over ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in Thickness, the specimens shall have a thickness equal to that of the material and the
width shall be a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm), but not less than the thickness. The length shall be not greater than seven times the
least cross-sectional dimension.
7.2.2 For Material ⁄4 in. (6 mm) or Less in Thickness, the specimen shall have the following dimensions: thickness equal to
thatofthematerial;thewidthnominally1in.(25mm),andalengthof4in.(100mm).Suchspecimensshallbesupportedlaterally
throughout the test.
7.2.3 When tests to evaluate maximum compressive strength only are required, an alternative type of specimen 4 in. (100 mm)
in width and a length equal to six times the thickness may be used.
7.2.4 The end surfaces of the specimen shall be smooth and parallel to each other and at right angles to the length.
8. Evaluation of Both Compressive Strength and Elastic Properties
8.1 Support laterally test specimens ⁄4 in. (6 mm) or less in thickness intended for use in obtaining load deformation data to
prevent buckling during the test, but do not exert undue pressure against the sides of the specimen. This support shall not
measurably restrain the normal compressive deformation under load. A satisfactory method of providing lateral support is
illustrated in Fig. 1, and a detailed design of this apparatus is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Loading Procedure
9.1 Apply the load through a spherical bearing block preferably of the suspended, self-aligning type. Apply the load with a
continuous motion of the movable head so as to cause failure within 3 to 10 min after initiation of loading.Arate of 0.003 in./in.
(mm/mm) of length of the specimen per minute within a permissible variation of 625 % has usually proved satisfactory.
9.2 Measure the elapsed time from initiation of loading to maximum load and record to the nearest ⁄2 min.
10. Load-Deformation Curves
10.1 Takedataforload-deformationcurvestodeterminethemodulusofelas
...
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