ASTM D446-12(2017)

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

SCOPE
1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as follows:    
Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1  
Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2  
Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A3  
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in Section 6.  
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision given in Test Method D445 may be used.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2017
• ICS: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.07 - Flow Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D445-24 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM D445-23 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D445-16 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D445-14 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2014
• Refers: ASTM D445-14e1 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2014
• Refers: ASTM D2162-14 - Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM D445-12 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Refers: ASTM D445-06 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 15-May-2006
• Refers: ASTM D2162-06 - Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
• Effective Date: 01-May-2006
• Refers: ASTM D445-04e1 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Refers: ASTM D445-04e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Refers: ASTM D445-04 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 01-May-2004
• Refers: ASTM D2162-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
• Effective Date: 01-May-2004
• Refers: ASTM D445-03 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2003
• Refers: ASTM D445-97 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2001

Overview

ASTM D446-12(2017) - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers provides a comprehensive framework for the operation, calibration, and use of glass capillary viscometers for accurate measurement of kinematic viscosity. Issued by ASTM International, this standard covers several widely used viscometer types, including Modified Ostwald, Suspended-Level, and Reverse-Flow viscometers. The procedures and specifications outlined in ASTM D446 are essential for laboratories and industries requiring precise viscosity data for quality control, compliance, and product development in accordance with international best practices. The standard has been aligned with globally recognized principles such as those established by the World Trade Organization's Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Key Topics

• Types of Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers:
  • Modified Ostwald Viscometers
  • Suspended-Level Viscometers
  • Reverse-Flow Viscometers
• Operating Instructions:
  • Proper mounting in a constant-temperature bath
  • Stepwise charging and cleaning procedures
  • Accurate measurement and timing protocols
• Calibration of Viscometers:
  • Use of reference and certified viscosity standards
  • Detailed calibration procedures for consistent results
  • Calculation of viscometer constants and correction factors
• Measurement Precision and Units:
  • Viscosity values must be reported in SI units (mm²/s)
  • Procedures to minimize errors due to temperature, surface tension, and kinetic energy effects
  • Requirements for reporting calibration data and uncertainties
• Material Specifications:
  • Construction using fully annealed, low-expansion borosilicate glass
  • Permanent markings for traceability

Applications

ASTM D446 is widely applied across a range of industries and settings, such as:

• Petroleum and Lubricants Testing:
  Ensures quality control for fuels and lubricants by providing accurate kinematic viscosity data, essential for automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
• Testing Laboratories:
  Used as a reference for laboratory procedures involving transparent and opaque liquids, aligning with ISO 17025 requirements for competence and calibration.
• Product Compliance and Certification:
  Supports manufacturers in demonstrating conformity to global standards, aiding in regulatory approval and market acceptance.
• Research and Development:
  Used in developing new formulations in chemical, oil, and paint industries, where viscosity characteristics influence performance.
• Calibration Service Providers:
  Provides guidelines for traceable calibration of glass capillary viscometers, promoting measurement consistency worldwide.

Related Standards

• ASTM D445: Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
  Often used in conjunction with D446 for viscosity measurements in laboratory and field settings.
• ASTM D2162: Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
  Details calibration requirements to ensure traceability and validity of results.
• ISO 3104: Petroleum Products-Transparent and Opaque Liquids-Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity
  International equivalent for viscosity testing methodology.
• ISO 3105: Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers-Specifications and Operating Instructions
  Outlines standard design and instructions for glass capillary viscometers globally.
• ISO 17025: General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
  Specifies necessary criteria for quality assurance and competence in laboratory calibration.
• NIST 1297: Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
  Reference for stating measurement uncertainty in viscosity standards.

Keywords: glass capillary kinematic viscometer, viscosity standard, ASTM D446, viscosity measurement, viscometer calibration, kinematic viscosity, laboratory standards, SI units, petroleum testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D446 −12 (Reapproved 2017)
Designation: 71/2/95
Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for
Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope and Viscosity Oil Standards
2.2 ISO Documents:
1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for
ISO 3104Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
glasscapillarykinematicviscometersofallthetypesdescribed
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as follows:
culation of Dynamic Viscosity
Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1
Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2 ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers—
Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A3
Specifications and Operating Instructions
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in ISO5725Basic Methods for the Determination of Repeat-
Section 6. ability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement
Method
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers
ISO17025General Requirements for the Competence of
suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of
ISO Guide25General Requirements for the Calibration and
measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision
Testing Laboratories
given in Test Method D445 may be used.
2.3 NIST Standards:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
NIST1297Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Materials and Manufacture
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Fully annealed, low-expansion borosilicate glass shall
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be used for the construction of all viscometers. The size
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
number,serialnumber,andmanufacturer’sdesignationshallbe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
permanently marked on each viscometer. All timing marks
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
shall be etched and filled with an opaque color, or otherwise
made a permanent part of the viscometer. See detailed descrip-
2. Referenced Documents
tion of each type of viscometer in Annex A1, Annex A2, and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Annex A3.
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.2 With the exception of the FitzSimons and Atlantic
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
viscometers, all viscometers are designed to fit through a
ity)
51-mm hole in the lid of a constant-temperature bath having a
D2162Practice for Basic Calibration of MasterViscometers
liquid depth of at least 280 mm; and it is assumed that the
surfaceoftheliquidwillbenotmorethan45mmfromthetop
of the bath lid. For certain constant-temperature baths, espe-
These specifications and operating instructions are under the jurisdiction of
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and cially at low or high temperatures, it may be necessary to
are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
constructtheviscometerswiththeuppermosttubeslongerthan
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally
approvedin1966asD2515–66.RedesignatedD446in1977.Lastpreviousedition
approved in 2012 as D446–12. DOI: 10.1520/D0446-12R17.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
the ASTM website. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D446−12 (2017)
shown to ensure adequate immersion in the constant- 6.2 Reference Viscometers:
temperature bath. Viscometers so modified can be used to
6.2.1 Select a clear petroleum oil, free from solid particles
measure kinematic viscosity within the precision of the test
and possessing Newtonian flow characteristics, with a kine-
method.Thelengthsoftubesandbulbsonthefiguresshouldbe
matic viscosity within the range of both the reference viscom-
held within 610% or 610mm, whichever is less, such that
eter and the viscometer to be calibrated. The minimum flow
the calibration constant of the viscometer does not vary by
timeshallbegreaterthanthatspecifiedintheappropriatetable
more than 615% from the nominal value.
of the annex in both the reference viscometer and the viscom-
eter which is to be calibrated in order that the kinetic energy
4. Nomenclature for Figures
correction (see 7.1 and 7.2) may be less than 0.2%.
4.1 The figures in the annexes contain letters to designate
6.2.2 Select a calibrated viscometer of known viscometer
specific parts of each viscometer.These letters are also used in
constant C . This viscometer may be a reference viscometer
the text of the standard when reference to the viscometers is
(driving head at least 400mm) that has been calibrated by the
given. The more frequently used letters on the figures in the
step-up procedure using viscometers of successively larger
annexes are as follows:
capillary diameters, starting with distilled water as the basic
A lower reservoir
kinematic viscosity standard or a routine viscometer of the
B suspended level
same type that has been calibrated by comparison with a
bulb
C and J timing bulbs
reference viscometer. See Test Method D2162.
D upper reservoir
6.2.3 Mount the calibrated viscometer together with the
E, F, and I timing marks
G and H filling marks
viscometer to be calibrated in the same bath and determine the
K overflow tube
flow times of the oil in accordance with Test Method D445.
L mounting tube
M lower vent tube
6.2.3.1 The calibration of the reference viscometer should
N upper vent tube
only be carried out by a reputable laboratory meeting the
P connecting tube
requirements of, for example, ISO Guide25.
R working capillary
6.2.4 Calculate the viscometer constant C as follows:
5. Viscometer Holder and Alignment
C 5 t 3C /t (1)
~ !
1 2 2 1
5.1 All viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly
above the lower meniscus (Cannon-Fenske routine in Annex
where:
A1 and all in Annex A2) shall be mounted in a constant
C = the constant of the viscometer being calibrated,
temperature bath with tube L held within 1° of the vertical as
t = the flow time to the nearest 0.1s in the viscometer
observedwithaplumbboborotherequallyaccurateinspection
being calibrated,
means. A number of commercially available holders are so
C = the constant of the calibrated viscometer, and
designed that the tube L is held perpendicular to the lid of a t = the flow time to the nearest 0.1s in the calibrated
constant-temperaturebath;nevertheless,theviscometershould
viscometer.
be tested with a plumb line in order to ensure that the tube L
6.2.5 Repeat 6.2.1 – 6.2.3 with a second oil whose flow
is in a vertical position.
timesareatleast50%longerthanthefirstoil.Ifthetwovalues
5.1.1 Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offset
of C differ by less than 0.2% for those viscometers listed in
fromdirectlyabovethelowermeniscus(allothersinAnnexA1
Annex A1 and Annex A2 and less than 0.3% for those
and all in Annex A3) shall be mounted in a constant-
viscometers listed in Annex A3, use the average. If the
temperature bath with tube L held within 0.3° of the vertical.
constants differ by more than this value, repeat the procedure
5.2 Roundmetaltops,designedtofitabovea51mmholein
taking care to examine all possible sources of errors.
thelidofthebath,arefrequentlycementedontotheZeitfuchs,
6.2.5.1 The calibration constant, C, is dependent upon the
Zeitfuchs cross-arm, and Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometers which
gravitational acceleration at the place of calibration and this
then are permanently mounted on the lid of the bath. Also a
must, therefore, be supplied by the standardization laboratory
rectangular metal top, 25mm×59mm, is often cemented on
together with the instrument constant. Where the acceleration
to the Zeitfuchs cross-arm and Zeitfuchs viscometers.Viscom-
ofgravity, g,differsbymorethan0.1%,correctthecalibration
eters fitted with metal tops should also be set vertically in the
constant as follows:
constant-temperature bath with the aid of a plumb line.
C 5 g /g 3C (2)
~ !
2 2 1 1
5.3 In each figure, the numbers which follow the tube
designationindicatetheoutsidetubediameterinmillimetres.It
where subscripts 1 and 2 indicate respectively the standard-
is important to maintain these diameters and the designated
ization laboratory and the testing laboratory.
spacing to ensure that holders will be interchangeable.
6.3 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards:
6. Calibration of Viscometers
6.3.1 Certified viscosity reference standards shall be certi-
fied by a laboratory that has been shown to meet the require-
6.1 Procedures:
6.1.1 Calibrate the kinematic glass capillary viscometers ments of ISO17025 by independent assessment. Certified
viscosity reference standards shall be traceable to master
covered by this standard using the procedures described in
Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3. viscometer procedures described in Practice D2162.
D446−12 (2017)
6.3.1.1 The uncertainty of the certified viscosity reference where:
standard shall be stated for each certified value (k=2, 95%
ν = the kinematic viscosity, mm /s,
confidence). See ISO5725 or NIST 1297.
g = the acceleration due to gravity, m/s ,
D = the diameter of the capillary, m,
6.3.2 Select from Table 1 a certified viscosity reference
L = the length of the capillary, m,
standard with a kinematic viscosity at the calibration tempera-
H = the average distance between the upper and lower
ture within the kinematic viscosity range of the viscometer to
menisci, m,
be calibrated and a minimum flow time greater than that
V = the timed volume of liquids passing through the
specified in the appropriate table of the annex. Determine the 3
capillary, m (approximately the volume of the timing
flow time to the nearest 0.1s in accordance with Test Method
bulb),
D445 and calculate the viscometer constant, C, as follows:
E = the kinetic energy factor, mm ·s, and
t = the flow time, s.
C 5 ν/t (3)
7.1.2 Iftheviscometerisselectedsothattheminimumflow
where:
2 time shown in the tables of AnnexA1, AnnexA2, and Annex
ν = the kinematic viscosity, mm /s, for the certified viscos-
A3 are exceeded, the kinetic energy term, E/t , becomes
ity reference standard, and
insignificant and Eq 4 may be simplified by grouping the
t = the flow time, s.
non-variable terms into a constant, C, as follows:
6.3.3 Repeat with a second certified viscosity reference
ν 5 C·t (5)
standard whose flow times are at least 50% longer than the
7.2 Kinetic Energy Correction:
first certified viscosity reference standard. If the two values of
7.2.1 The viscometers described in the Annex A1, Annex
C differ by less than 0.2% for those viscometers listed in
A2, and Annex A3 are designed such that the kinetic energy
Annex A1 and Annex A2 and less than 0.3% for those
correctionterm, E/t ,isnegligibleiftheflowtimeismorethan
viscometers listed in Annex A3, use the average as the
200s. In the case of several sizes of viscometers for the
viscometer constant for the viscometer being calibrated. If the
measurement of low-kinematic viscosity liquids, a minimum
constants differ by more than this value, repeat the procedure
flowtimegreaterthan200sisrequiredinorderthatthekinetic
taking care to examine all possible sources of errors.
energycorrectionterm, E/ t ,shallbenegligible.Theminimum
6.4 Expression of Constant: flow times required are set out as footnotes to the appropriate
tablesofviscometerdimensionsgivenintheAnnexA1,Annex
6.4.1 Report the constant to the nearest 0.1% of the
A2, and Annex A3.
determinedvalue.Thisgenerallymeansfoursignificantfigures
2 2
N N
7.2.2 For viscometers whose constants are 0.05mm /s or
from 1×10 to 6.999×10 and three significant figures from
N N
less, a kinetic energy correction can be significant if the
7×10 to 9.99×10 .
minimum 200s flow is not observed. Where this is not
possible, Eq 5 takes on the following form:
7. Kinematic Viscosity Calculation
2 2
kinematicviscosity, mm /s 5 Ct 2 E/t (6)
7.1 Basic Formula:
where:
7.1.1 Kinematic viscosity, expressed in mm /s, can be
E = kinetic energy factor, mm ×s,
calculated from the viscometer dimensions as follows:
2 2
C = viscometer constant, mm /s ,
6 4 2
ν 5 10 πgD Ht/128 VL 2 E/t (4)
~ !
TABLE 1 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards
Approximate Kinematic Viscosity, mm /s
Designation
20 °C 25 °C 40 °C 50 °C 80 °C 100 °C
S3 4.6 4.0 2.9 . . 1.2
S6 11 8.9 5.7 . . 1.8
S20 44 34 18 . . 3.9
S60 170 120 54 . . 7.2
S200 640 450 180 . . 17
S600 2400 1600 520 280 67 32
S2000 8700 5600 1700 . . 75
S8000 37 000 23 000 6700 . . .
S30000 . 81 000 23 000 11 000 . .
D446−12 (2017)
tered is with a viscometer calibrated with water and used for
t = flow time, s.
oils. Generally, viscometers are calibrated and used with
7.2.3 Although the kinetic energy factor, E, is not a
hydrocarbons whose surface tensions are close enough for
constant, it may be approximated by means of the following
these corrections to be insignificant.
equation:
7.5 Effect of Temperature:
3/2 1/2
E 552.5 V /L Cd (7)
~ !
7.5.1 The viscometer constant, C, is independent of tem-
where:
perature for all those viscometers which have the volume of
(using the units given in Figs. A1.1-A3.4) sample adjusted at bath temperature and in the case of all
suspended-level viscometers.
V = volume of the timing bulb, mL,
7.5.2 The following viscometers, which have a fixed vol-
L = capillary working length, mm,
d = capillary working diameter, mm, ume charged at ambient temperature, have a viscometer
2 2
C = viscometer constant, mm /s .
constant, C, which varies with temperature: Cannon-Fenske
NOTE 1—The kinetic energy factor for certain viscometer designs and
routine, Pinkevitch, Cannon-Manning semi-micro, Cannon-
flow time use can result in significant kinematic viscosity errors. Deter-
Fenske opaque.
mine the effect of the kinetic energy factor for viscometers not described
7.5.3 The following equation can be used to calculate the
in this specification.
viscometer constant at temperatures other than the calibration
7.3 Maximum Flow Time:
temperature for the Cannon-Fenske routine, Pinkevitch, and
7.3.1 The limit of 1000s has been set arbitrarily for conve-
Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometers:
nience as the recommended maximum flow time for the
C 5 C 1 1 4000 V ρ 2 ρ / ~πD hρ ! (9)
@ ~ ~ !! #
viscometers covered by this standard. Longer flow times may 2 1 2 1 2
be used.
where:
7.4 Surface Tension Correction:
C = the constant of the viscometer when filled and cali-
7.4.1 If the two menisci have different average diameters
brated at the same temperature,
during the flow time and if the surface tension of the sample
V = the volume of charge, mL,
differs substantially from the calibrating liquid, a surface D = the average diameter of the meniscus in the lower
tension correction is necessary.The changed C constant, C,is
reservoir for the Cannon-Fenske routine, Pinkevitch,
given approximately as follows: and Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometers, and in
the upper reservoir of the Cannon-Fenske opaque
C 5 C 11~2/gh! 1/r 21/r · γ /ρ 2 γ /ρ (8)
@ ~ ! ~ !#
2 1 u l 1 1 2 2
viscometer, mm,
where:
h = the average driving head, mm,
ρ = the density of the test liquid at the filling temperature,
g = the acceleration due to gravity, m/s ,
3 −3
kg/m ×10 , and
h = the average driving head, m,
ρ = the density of the test liquid at the test temperature,
r = the average radius of the upper meniscus, m,
u
3 −3
kg/m ×10 .
r = the average radius of the lower meniscus, m,
l
γ = the surface tension, N/m, and
7.5.4 The temperature dependence of C for the Cannon-
ρ = the density, in kg/m .
Fenske opaque (reverse-flow) viscometer is given as follows:
Subscripts1and2relatetovalueswiththecalibratingliquid
C 5 C 1 2 4000 V ρ 2 ρ / πD hρ (10)
@ ~ !#
2 1 ~ ~ 2 1!! 2
and the test portion, respectively.
7.4.2 While this correction applies to all viscometers, a
8. Keywords
number of viscometers are designed to minimize the surface
tension correction. The greatest correction normally encoun- 8.1 kinematic viscosity; viscometer; viscosity
D446−12 (2017)
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. MODIFIED OSTWALD VISCOMETERS
A1.1 General cometerhasasidearmOtowhichvacuumisapplied,withthe
fingerontubeLbeingusedtocontroltheliquidflow)withtube
A1.1.1 The following viscometers of the modified Ostwald
N immersed in the liquid sample. Draw the sample to timing
type for transparent liquids follow the basic design of the
mark F for the Cannon-Fenske routine and Pinkevitch viscom-
Ostwald viscometer, but are modified to ensure a constant
eters and to filling mark G for the Cannon-Manning semi-
volume test portion in the viscometer as described in A1.1.2
micro viscometer. Mount the viscometer upright in the
and A1.1.3.
constant-temperature bath keeping tube L vertical.
A1.1.2 These viscometers are used for the measurement of
A1.2.3.2 Mount the Zeitfuchs viscometer in the constant-
the kinematic viscosity of transparent Newtonian liquids up to
2 temperaturebath,keepingtubeLvertical.Poursamplethrough
20000mm /s.
tube L to fill mark G. Allow 15min for the sample to attain
A1.1.3 For the modified Ostwald viscometers, detailed
bath temperature and become free of air bubbles. Attach the
drawings, size designations, nominal constants, kinematic
vacuumlinewithstopcockandtraptotubeK.Slowlydrawthe
viscosity range, capillary diameter, and bulb volumes for each
sample into timing bulb C by partially opening the stopcock in
viscometer are shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.7.
the vacuum line and partially closing tube N with the finger.
A1.1.3.1 Constant volume at filling temperature:
Allow the excess liquid to flow into bulb D and through tube
(1)Cannon-Fenske routine viscometer
K into the trap in the vacuum line. When the liquid in tube L
(2)Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometer
reaches a point 2mm to 5mm above filling mark H, hold it at
(3)Pinkevitch viscometer
this point by alternately closing the opening tube N to the
A1.1.3.2 Constant volume at the test temperature:
5 atmosphere with the finger for the time in the Table A1.1
(1)Zeitfuchs viscometer
shown as follows to permit the sample to drain from the walls
(2)SIL viscometer
of tube L.
(3)BS/U-tube viscometer
(1)Adjusttheworkingvolumebydrawingthemeniscusat
(4)BS/U-tube miniature viscometer
the bottom of the column of the liquid exactly to filling mark
A1.2 Operating Instructions H, making sure that the sample completely fills the viscometer
betweenmarkHandthetipoftheoverflowinbulbD;afterthis
A1.2.1 A standard operating procedure applicable to all
final adjustment of the working volume, remove the finger and
glass capillary kinematic viscometers is contained in Test
closeorremovetheconnectiontothevacuumsource.Thefinal
MethodD445.OperatinginstructionsforthemodifiedOstwald
adjustment may be more conveniently made by disconnecting
viscometers are outlined in A1.2.2 – A1.2.7 with emphasis on
the vacuum and applying pressure to the mounting tube L by
procedures that are specific to this group of viscometers.
use of a rubber bulb.
NOTEA1.1—ISO methods 3104 and 3105 correspond to Test Methods
A1.2.3.3 Charge the SIL viscometer by tilting it about 30°
D445 and D446, respectively.
from the vertical, with bulb A below capillary R. Introduce
A1.2.2 Select a clean, dry calibrated viscometer which will
enough of the sample into tube L for bulbAto fill completely
give a flow-time greater than 200s or the minimum shown in
and overflow into the gallery. Return the viscometer to the
the table of dimensions, whichever is greater.
vertical position and mount it in the constant-temperature bath
A1.2.3 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the
so that tube L is vertical. The quantity of sample charged
design of the instrument, the operation being in conformity
should be such that the level in the lower reservoir is 3mm to
withthatemployedwhentheunitwascalibrated.Ifthesample
14mm above opening S. The sample will rise in capillary R
is thought or known to contain fibers or solid particles, filter
somewhat higher than opening S. After the temperature equi-
through a 75µm screen either prior to or during charging.
librium has been reached, remove any excess sample from the
NOTEA1.2—To minimize the potential of particles passing through the gallery by suction applied to tube K.
filter from aggregating, it is recommended that the time lapse between
A1.2.3.4 Mount the BS/U-tube or BS/U/M miniature vis-
filtering and charging be kept to a minimum.
cometer in the constant-temperature bath keeping the tube L
A1.2.3.1 To charge the Cannon-Fenske routine, Cannon-
vertical. Using a long pipette to minimize any wetting of tube
Manning semi-micro, and Pinkevitch viscometers, invert the
L above filling mark G, fill bulb A with a slight excess of the
viscometer and apply suction to tube L (the Pinkevitch vis-
sample. After allowing the sample to attain the bath
temperature,adjustthevolumeofthesampletobringtheliquid
5 level within 0.2 mm of filling mark G by withdrawing the
Zeitfuchs is a tradename of Cannon Instrument Co., P. O. Box 16, State
College, PA 16804–0016. sample with a pipette.
D446−12 (2017)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
NOTE 2—For size 25 only, the capillary N extends straight through bulbs D and C to about 10mm below bulb C; the timing mark F encircles this
capillary.
Bulb Volume, mL
Kinematic Inside Diameter of
Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Tubes
(±5 %)
Size No. Viscosity Range, Tube R,mm
(mm /s)/s N, E, and P,mm
mm /s (±2 %)
DC
A
25 0.002 0.5 to 2 0.30 2.6 to 3.0 3.1 1.6
50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.44 2.6 to 3.0 3.1 3.1
75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.54 2.6 to 3.2 3.1 3.1
100 0.015 3 to 15 0.63 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
150 0.035 7 to 35 0.78 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
200 0.1 20 to 100 1.01 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
300 0.25 50 to 250 1.27 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
350 0.5 100 to 500 1.52 3.0 to 3.8 3.1 3.1
400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.92 3.0 to 3.8 3.1 3.1
450 2.5 500 to 2500 2.35 3.5 to 4.2 3.1 3.1
500 8 1600 to 8000 3.20 3.7 to 4.2 3.1 3.1
600 20 4000 to 20 000 4.20 4.4 to 5.0 4.3 3.1
A
250 s minimum flow time; 200 s minimum flow time for all other units.
FIG. A1.1Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
A1.2.4 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath A1.2.5 Use vacuum (or pressure if the sample contains
long enough to reach the test temperature. Because this time
volatile constituents) to draw the sample through bulb C to
will vary for different instruments, for different temperatures,
about 5mm above upper timing mark E. Release the vacuum,
and for different kinematic viscosities, establish a safe equilib-
and allow the sample to flow by gravity.
rium time by trial (30min should be sufficient except for the
A1.2.6 Measure, to the nearest 0.1s, the time required for
highest kinematic viscosities). One bath is often used to
the leading edge of the meniscus to pass from timing mark E
accommodate several viscometers. Never add or withdraw a
to timing mark F. If this flow time is less than the minimum
viscometer while any other viscometer is in use for measuring
a flow time.
D446−12 (2017)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
Inside Diameter of Tube
Kinematic
Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Tubes P, E, Volume, Bulb C,mL
A
Size No. Viscosity Range, R,mm
(mm /s)/s and F,mm (±5 %)
mm /s
(±2 %)
1 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.42 3.8 to 4.2 3.0
2 0.01 2 to 10 0.59 3.8 to 4.2 4.0
3 0.03 6 to 30 0.78 3.8 to 4.2 4.0
4 0.1 20 to 100 1.16 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
5 0.3 60 to 300 1.54 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
6 1.0 200 to 1000 2.08 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
7 3.0 600 to 3000 2.76 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
A
200 s minimum flow time for all units.
FIG. A1.2Zeitfuchs Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
flowtimespecifiedfortheviscometer,selectaviscometerwith sample,followedbyrinsingwithacompletelyvolatilesolvent.
a smaller diameter capillary and repeat steps A1.2.3 – A1.2.6.
Drytheviscometerbypassingaslowstreamoffiltered,dryair
through the viscometer for 2min, or until the last trace of
A1.2.7 Repeat steps A1.2.5 to A1.2.6 making a duplicate
solvent is removed. The use of alkaline cleaning solutions is
measurement of flow time. If the two measurements agree
notrecommendedaschangesintheviscometercalibrationmay
within the determinability given in Test Method D445 for the
occur.
product being measured, use the average for calculating
kinematic viscosity.
A1.2.8 Clean the viscometer thoroughly by several rinsings
with an appropriate solvent completely miscible with the
D446−12 (2017)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
Inside Diameter of
Kinematic
Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Volume, Bulb C,mL
A
Size No. Viscosity Range, Tube R,mm
(mm /s)/s Tubes E and P,mm (±5 %)
mm /s
(±2 %)
0C 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.41 4.5 to 5.5 3.0
1 0.01 2.0 to 10 0.61 4.5 to 5.5 4.0
1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.79 4.5 to 5.5 4.0
2 0.1 20 to 100 1.14 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
2C 0.3 60 to 300 1.50 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
3 1.0 200 to 1000 2.03 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
3C 3.0 600 to 3000 2.68 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
4 10.0 2000 to 10 000 3.61 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
A
200 s minimum flow time for all units.
FIG. A1.3SIL Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
D446−12 (2017)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
Approximate Inside Diameter of Tube
Kinematic
Inside Diameter of Tubes
Volume, Bulb
A
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range, R,mm
C, mL (±5 %)
2 2
mm /s N and F,mm P,mm
(mm /s)/s (±2 %)
25 0.002 0.4 to 2.0 0.22 ± 0.01 1.0 to 1.2 0.4 to 0.7 0.31
50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.26 ± 0.01 1.0 to 1.2 0.5 to 0.8 0.31
75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.31 ± 0.01 1.1 to 1.3 0.6 to 0.8 0.31
100 0.015 3 to 15 0.36 ± 0.02 1.2 to 1.4 0.7 to 0.9 0.31
150 0.035 7 to 35 0.47 ± 0.02 1.2 to 1.4 0.8 to 1.0 0.31
200 0.1 20 to 100 0.61 ± 0.02 1.4 to 1.7 0.9 to 1.2 0.31
300 0.25 50 to 250 0.76 ± 0.02 1.5 to 1.8 1.2 to 1.6 0.31
350 0.5 100 to 500 0.90 ± 0.03 1.8 to 2.2 1.5 to 1.8 0.31
400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.13 ± 0.03 2.0 to 2.4 1.6 to 2.0 0.31
450 2.5 500 to 2500 1.40 ± 0.04 2.2 to 2.6 2.0 to 2.5 0.31
500 8 1600 to 8000 1.85 ± 0.05 2.4 to 2.8 2.5 to 2.8 0.31
600 20 4000 to 20 000 2.35 ± 0.05 3.0 to 3.4 2.7 to 3.0 0.31
A
200 s minimum flow time for all units.
FIG. A1.4Cannon-Manning Semi-Micro Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
D446−12 (2017)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
A
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter
Outside Diameter of Tubes
Size Nominal Viscometer Kinematic Viscosity
...