ASTM D6063-11(2018)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field Personnel
Standard Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field Personnel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to assist field personnel in obtaining samples from drums and similar containers for field and laboratory analysis. The need for accurate data, and the costs associated with sampling and analysis, make it essential that samples be taken correctly before submitting them for chemical analysis or physical testing, or both. Incorrect sampling can invalidate resulting data.
5.2 This guide may be used by personnel who have no formal workplan. It draws their attention to issues that must be addressed before, during, and after taking a sample. It provides guidance in choosing the sampling technique and equipment suitable for specific situations. It can serve as a training tool for those who are unfamiliar with sampling. It is recommended that this guide be used as a supplement to a written workplan.
5.3 Some sections of this guide contain flow charts (see Figs. 1-5) that must be worked through, starting from the top of each page. By answering the questions in the diamond-shaped boxes, and following the appropriate arrows, the person planning to sample will be guided toward the most suitable procedures and equipment. The numbers at the bottom of some boxes refer to corresponding paragraphs in the text, which provide information to help the person sampling answer the questions.
FIG. 8 COLIWASA
FIG. 9 Concentric Tube Thief
FIG. 10 Dipper
FIG. 11 Drum Thief
FIG. 12 Peristaltic Pumps
FIG. 13 Scoop, Spoon, Trowel
FIG. 14 Syringe Sampler
FIG. 15 Trier
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information, including flow charts, for field personnel to follow in order to collect samples from drums and similar containers.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel in planning and obtaining samples from drums and similar containers, using equipment and techniques that will ensure that the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It can also be used as a training tool.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific warnings in 7.4.3 and 7.4.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6063 − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for
Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field
Personnel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6063; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Rock for Site Exploration
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
1.1 Thisguidecoversinformation,includingflowcharts,for
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
field personnel to follow in order to collect samples from
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
drums and similar containers.
D4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel in
dated Sediments
planning and obtaining samples from drums and similar
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
containers, using equipment and techniques that will ensure
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
that the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It can
Used at Waste Sites
also be used as a training tool.
D5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lated to Waste ManagementActivities: QualityAssurance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5358 PracticeforSamplingwithaDipperorPondSampler
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- D5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier Sampler
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite Liquid
See specific warnings in 7.4.3 and 7.4.4. Waste Sampler (COLIWASA)
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1 bung, n—usually a 2-in. (5-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
diameter threaded plug, specifically designed to close a bung
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
hole.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2 bung hole, n—an opening in a barrel or drum through
2. Referenced Documents
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 consolidated solid, n—as used in this guide,acompact
C783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
solid not easily compressed or broken into smaller portions.
D1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling
3.1.4 drum, n—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
by Auger Borings
tainer of 5 to 110 gal (19 to 400 L) capacity.
D1586 Test Method for Standard PenetrationTest (SPT) and
3.1.5 representative sample, n—asamplecollectedsuchthat
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
it reflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined by
D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
the project objectives) of the population from which it was
Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
collected.
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
3.1.6 sample, n—one or more items or portions collected
from a lot or population.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.1.7 sampler, n—the device used to obtain a sample.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
Sampling Techniques.
3.1.8 sludge, n—as used in this guide, any mixture of solids
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally
that settles out of solution; sludges contain liquids that are not
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6063 – 11. DOI:
apparent as free liquids.
10.1520/D6063-11R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.9 unconsolidated solid, n—as used in this guide, unce-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mented or uncompacted material that is easily separated into
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. smaller portions.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6063 − 11 (2018)
3.1.10 workplans, n—plans that are specific to sampling at a that samples be taken correctly before submitting them for
particular site; examples are health and safety plans, and chemical analysis or physical testing, or both. Incorrect sam-
sampling and analysis plans.
pling can invalidate resulting data.
5.2 This guide may be used by personnel who have no
4. Summary of Guide
formal workplan. It draws their attention to issues that must be
4.1 This guide uses a decision-tree format to lead persons
addressed before, during, and after taking a sample. It provides
intending to sample waste materials from drums and similar
guidance in choosing the sampling technique and equipment
containers through a series of questions. The answers to the
suitableforspecificsituations.Itcanserveasatrainingtoolfor
questions result in recommended actions, including the selec-
those who are unfamiliar with sampling. It is recommended
tion of appropriate sampling equipment. Brief instructions on
that this guide be used as a supplement to a written workplan.
the use of the equipment are included.
5.3 Some sections of this guide contain flow charts (see
4.2 This guide addresses commonly used sampling equip-
Figs.1-5)thatmustbeworkedthrough,startingfromthetopof
ment and devices; it is not intended to cover all that might be
purchased or custom made. each page. By answering the questions in the diamond-shaped
boxes, and following the appropriate arrows, the person
5. Significance and Use
planning to sample will be guided toward the most suitable
procedures and equipment.The numbers at the bottom of some
5.1 This guide is intended to assist field personnel in
boxes refer to corresponding paragraphs in the text, which
obtaining samples from drums and similar containers for field
provide information to help the person sampling answer the
and laboratory analysis. The need for accurate data, and the
costs associated with sampling and analysis, make it essential questions.
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with Section 6 in the text.
FIG. 1 Objectives of Sampling
D6063 − 11 (2018)
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with 7.1 – 7.3 in the text.
FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection
5.4 Figs. 6-15 are examples of types of equipment. Similar 6.2 In most cases, there is a written plan that describes the
devices that do the same job in the same way are not intended work to be done (Guide D4687). In other cases, there is no
to be excluded. written plan and the instructions are only verbal.
6.3 If the objectives of sampling are unclear or unknown to
6. Objectives of Sampling
the field personnel, they should question their supervisor or
6.1 The purpose of sampling is to collect a representative project manager about the objectives. Well-informed field
sample of all or part of the contents of the drum or similar
personnel are then alert to unforeseen circumstances or events
container, to determine the physical and chemical characteris- that might invalidate the samples.
tics of those contents (see Fig. 1). This information may then
be used to:
7. Pre-Sampling Inspection
6.1.1 Select suitable methods of treatment and disposal of
7.1 Information about the contents of the drums may be
the contents,
available from (see Fig. 2):
6.1.2 Provide evidence for use in a court of law,
7.1.1 Previous analysis of drum contents from the same
6.1.3 Comply with regulations, such as those for the trans-
source,
portation of hazardous materials,
7.1.2 The supplier/source of the material in the drums,
6.1.4 Confirm that the drums contain what is written on the
7.1.3 Manifest (shipping) documents,
label, manifest, or other type of documentation, and
7.1.4 Labels and other markings on the drums, or
6.1.5 Find out if any drums in a lot contain different
materials from the majority. 7.1.5 Knowledge of the waste-generating process.
D6063 − 11 (2018)
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with 7.3 – 7.5 in the text.
FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)
7.2 Personnel doing the pre-sampling and sampling must be 7.3 If you are certain that the drum does not contain
aware of any special procedures that are to be followed at a radioactive material and the workplan does not require you to
given site. Workplans include a worker health and safety
check for radioactivity, proceed to 7.4.
section because there are potential hazards associated with
7.3.1 Many facilities are not licensed to handle radioactive
opening drums, as well as with potentially hazardous
materials and are legally obliged to prove that they do not
3,4
contents. Examples of special procedures are change of
knowingly accept them. Some facilities are licensed to handle
clothing, use of safety equipment of various kinds, evacuation
radioactive materials; they need to have a measure of how
procedures,fireandexplosionprocedures,andvehiclecleaning
radioactive the material is for the safety of their workers.
procedures such as water washing before leaving the site or
7.3.2 Hand-held monitors that check for radioactivity
storage area, and many others that would be site or storage
should always be used if you suspect that radioactive material
specific.
might be present or if the workplan requires it. It is important
that the monitor has been calibrated correctly, according to the
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/600/2-86/013,
manufacturer’s instructions. Monitoring should be done only
January 1986.
4 by those with the appropriate written procedures, training, and
Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, Division of Remedial Support, August 2005 (available online). equipment.
D6063 − 11 (2018)
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with 7.6 – 7.8 in the text.
FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)
7.3.3 It is prudent to monitor a storage area before entering 7.4.3 If the drums are stored in a closed room or confined
it. If radioactive material is found to be present when it should space, the air in the area should be tested by a hand-held
not be, leave the area immediately, post warning signs to alert monitor to check for flammable vapors. It is important that the
other workers, and consult your supervisor.
monitor has been calibrated according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. The monitoring should be done by those with the
7.4 Drums may contain flammable materials, strong oxidiz-
appropriate training and written procedures. (Warning—
ers or reducing materials, light-sensitive materials, corrosive
Flammable materials should be sampled in a well-ventilated
acids or bases, and materials sensitive to moisture or
area. There are other safety considerations that must be
movement, or both. All of these drums require special
considered regarding confined spaces. It may be necessary to
handling, including segregation, when possible.
check for explosivity or oxygen levels.)
7.4.1 Many solvents, like benzene, evaporate into airspace
7.4.4 Labels on drums of waste materials may not be
in and around the drum where the vapor may be easily ignited.
7.4.2 If you are sampling a potentially flammable or un- accurate.Unlessthedrumscomefromareliablesource,thatis,
the generator of the material and the process that created the
known material, non-sparking tools should be used and the
drums should be grounded. waste are known to you, it is prudent to assume that the labels
D6063 − 11 (2018)
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with 8.1 – 8.5 to in the text.
FIG. 3 Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure
may not match the contents. (Warning—Attempting to open a 7.6 Sometimes drums have to be moved to another location
drum that is in poor condition can expose a worker to the for sampling; this is known as “drum staging.”This is required
possibility of a serious, even fatal, accident. Special precau-
if:
tions should be taken when the bungs are rusted or corroded
7.6.1 Sampling the drum in its present location poses a high
sincethedrumtopmaygiveway,exposingtheworkertovapor
risk to surrounding property or individuals, or both,
or liquid. Overpacking before sampling should be considered
7.6.2 The drum cannot be accessed for sampling in its
for drums in poor condition.)
current location, or
7.5 It is not always necessary to sample every drum in a lot.
7.6.3 Exposure to climatic conditions alter the sample, for
The workplans provide direction as to how many, and possibly
example,formationofice;orcreateahealthandsafetyrisk,for
which, drums should be sampled. Each drum that will be
example, the sun heating a drum containing solvents.
sampled must be identified in a unique way in case a second
sample has to be taken later. Colored labels, crayons, paint 7.7 The physical condition of drums must be evaluated
sticks or pens, or stenciled paint can be used to identify drums. beforeattemptingtoopenormovethem(seewarningin7.4.4).
Any new identification system should not cover the existing Drum carriers, which lock on the drum lip, should not be used
labels or identifiers. to move the drum if the condition is poor.
D6063 − 11 (2018)
NOTE 1—This flow chart should be used with 8.6 – 8.8 in the text.
FIG. 3 Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure (continued)
7.8 Materials in layers, such as oil with water, can become sampling equipment (for example, a COLIWASA) can be
mixed together when moved. If you want to sample each layer inserted into the opened drum (see Section 12) and the liquid
separately, the material may need time to settle before opening level measured.
and sampling the drum.
8.4 Although sludges behave like sticky solids and are not
usually pumped, they can contain quite a high proportion of
8. Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure
liquids, such as oil or water, which is not visible as free liquid.
8.1 The physical state(s) of the material(s) being sampled is
8.5 An unconsolidated solid is a m
...
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