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ASTM D5494-93(1999)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes

Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes

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1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.  
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven geotextiles with geomembranes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1999
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5494-93(1999)e1 - Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
Effective Date
15-Nov-1993
Referred By
ASTM D8364/D8364M-21 - Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mat (GCCM) Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999

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ASTM D5494-93(1999) - Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected GeomembranesASTM D5494-93(1999) - Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
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ASTM D5494-93(1999) - Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 5494 – 93 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Method for the
Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of
Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Figure 4 was corrected editorially in January 2004.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotechnical engineering, essen-
tially impermeable means that no measurable liquid flows
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to
through a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test
determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes
Method 4491.
and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotex-
3.1.3 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
tiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
solely of textiles.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Current manufacturing techniques pro-
puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven
duce non-woven fabrics, knitted (non-tubular) fabrics, and
geotextiles with geomembranes.
woven fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided
4. Summary of Test Method
for information only.
4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compressionpressortensiletestingmachine.Aforceisexerted
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
against the center of the unsupported or supported portion of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the test specimen by a solid steel pyramid attached to a load
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
indicator until rupture of the specimen occurs. The maximum
2. Referenced Documents load and elongation recorded is the value of the puncture
resistance of the specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
5. Significance and Use
tiles
3 5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
3 test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unpro-
D 4439 Terminology for Geotextiles
tected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-
D 4491 Test Method for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
3 woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
by Permittivity
5.1.1 Thepurposeofthistestmethodistoestablishanindex
3. Terminology value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and
a basis for uniform reporting.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
protected with non-woven geotextiles; however, caution is
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
advised since information about between laboratory precision
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
is incomplete.
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Test Set Up—A compression press with a reading force
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on
accuracy of at least 2 N (0.5 lb) is necessary. The press must
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
maintain a constant test speed and should be provided with an
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 1993. Published January 1994.
2 automaticchartrecorderfortheforcevs.deformationbehavior.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13. A clamping device for the test sample, a special piston and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
D 5494 – 93 (1999)
electrical signal equipment for determining the puncture load 6 0.01 mm (0.02 in. 6 0.0004 in.). The edges of the pyramid
are the additional pieces of test equipment needed. Also, a shallberoundedoffwitharadiusof0.1mm 60.01mm(0.004
tensile testing machine conforming to the requirements of in. 6 0.0004 in.). The transitional edge from the base of the
Specification D 76 can be utilized in a compression mode for pyramidtothecylindershallhavearadius(R)of3.0mm 60.1
this test method. The equipment set up shall provide a constant
mm (0.12 in.6 0.004 in.).
rate of speed, reading accuracy of at least 2 N (0.5 lb) and be
6.6 Electrical Equipment for the Determination of the Punc-
provided with an automatic chart recorder for load vs. defor-
ture Load—An electrical circuit is to be employed between the
mation. Additional equipment required by this test method is
loading piston and the underlying medium (water or aluminum
described below.
plate) such that puncture resistance load at failure can be
6.2 Clamping Device—The upper and lower fixing ring
determined. The electrical circuit, which is closed at the
clamp, dimensions of which are shown on Fig. 1a and 1b. The
moment of puncture, can be connected to a signal lamp and the
lower fixing ring shall be provided with a circular recess with
puncture resistance load can be recorded at failure.
a diameter corresponding to the external diameter of the
compression base. This will facilitate mounting of the lower
7. Sampling
fixing ring to the compression base as illustrated on Fig. 2.
7.1 Lot Sample—Divide the product into lots and take the
Concentrically arranged grooves shall be located on the lower
lot sample as directed in Practice D 4354.
face of the upper ring and upper face of the lower ring to
facilitate non-slip clamping of the test specimen(s). 7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample take a
swatch extending the full width of the geosynthetic, of suffi-
6.3 Compression Base (Fig. 2)—CBR type test presses are
normally equipped with a CBR-cylinder compression base cient length from each sample roll so that the requirements of
having a diameter of 150 mm (6.0 in.) as shown on Fig. 2. Sections 7.3 and 9 can be met. Take a sample that will exclude
Additionally, the compression base must be deep enough to material from the outer wrap and inner wrap around the core
allow the loading piston to plunge at least 100 mm (4.0 in.). unless the sample is taken at the production site, in which case
The compression base should be manufactured of rust resistant inner and outer wrap material may be used.
high-grade steel.
7.3 Test for underlying water medium: The test specimen
6.4 Underlying Test Media—Either water or an aluminum
shall be cut out with a punch with a diameter greater than 80
plate can be used as the underlying medium for this test
mm or cut out with a large pair of shears.
method. The water (which
...

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
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1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D5617-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Multi-Axial Elongation of Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Installed geomembranes are subjected to forces from more than one direction, including forces perpendicular to the surfaces of the geomembrane. Out-of-plane deformation of a geomembrane may be useful in evaluating materials for caps where subsidence of the subsoil may be problematic.  
5.2 Failure mechanisms on this test may be different compared to other relatively small-scale index tests and may be beneficial for design purposes.  
5.3 In applications where local subsidence is expected, this test can be considered a performance test.  
5.4 For applications where geomembranes cannot be deformed in the fashion this test method prescribes, this test method should be considered an index test.  
5.5 Due to the time involved to perform this test, it is not considered practical as a quality control test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of a geomembrane to a force that is applied perpendicular to the initial plane of the sample.  
1.2 When the geomembrane deforms to a prescribed geometric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid), formulations are provided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strain values. These formulations cannot be used for other geometric shapes. With other geometric shapes, comparative data on deformation versus pressure is obtained.  
1.3 This test method requires a large-diameter pressure vessel (610 mm). Information obtained from this test method may be more appropriate for design purposes than many small-scale index tests.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5884/D5884M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles or different directions in the same reinforcing textiles.  
5.3 Disputes—In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical difference between their laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for determining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internally reinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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