ASTM G164-99(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple friction test like this one performs this function.
This test has been used for over twenty years to detect the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coefficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens to determine if a lubricant is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on the web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the test is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not. It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material. It is not intended to rank lubricants.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:G164–99(Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
other.
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic
friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may
bodies.
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.4 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
thewebbytheinclinedplanemethod.Theobjectivesofthetest
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.5 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
only.
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.7 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
between them.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
2.2 ANSI/ISO Standards:
from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining
balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the
Lubrication
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the
3. Terminology rider breaks away.
4.3 Theangleatwhichbreakawayoccurredisrecorded.The
3.1 Definitions:
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, µ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
system.
sionlessratioofthefrictionforce(F)betweentwobodiestothe
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
Current edition approved Nov 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
e1 of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as G 164 – 99 .
expensiveandtimeconsumingtousesurfacechemicalanalysis
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
friction test like this one performs this function.
the ASTM website.
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G164–99 (2004)
at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces 6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the nation of the inclined plane (u) when rider motion occurs. This
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to gage on the device.Asuitable device for angle measurement is
make sure that a lubricant is present.Test samples are normally an electronic level. These devices present a digital angle
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef- readout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to
ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the 60.1°. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shall
coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens be 1°.
to determine if a lubricant is present.
7. Test Procedure
6. Apparatus
7.1 Sample Preparation—Test samples shall be the thick-
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a ness of the test material with a width between 25 and 35 mm
U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This and a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not contaminate
rider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclined the test with fingerprints or other material that is not normally
plane. The material of construction is not important, but the found on the test surface. Outer convolutions of web rolls are
center of gravity shall be at least 25 mm below the end of the often contaminated by oper
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