ASTM D2596-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating greases having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The results do not necessarily correlate with results from service.
It is noted that lubricating greases that have as their fluid component a silicone, halogenated silicone, or a mixture comprising silicone fluid and petroleum oil, are not applicable to this method of test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases. Two determinations are made:
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load), and
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-Pressure (EP) Tester.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2596 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Grease (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 3.1.3 corrected load, n—the load in kilograms-force (or
Newtons) obtained by multiplying the applied load by the ratio
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
of the Hertz scar diameter to the measured scar diameter at that
carrying properties of lubricating greases. Two determinations
load.
are made:
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In this test method, the corrected load
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load),
is calculated for each run.
and
3.1.4 hertz line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper where the
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-
coordinatesarescardiameterinmillimetresandappliedloadin
Pressure (EP) Tester.
kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under static conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as a hertz line.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.5 hertz scar diameter, n—the average diameter, in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
millimetres, of an indentation caused by the deformation of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
balls under static load (prior to test). It may be calculated from
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the equation:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
22 1/3
D 5 8.73 310 ~P! (1)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
h
where:
2. Referenced Documents
D = Hertz diameter of the contact area in millimetres, and
h
2
2.1 American National Standard: P = static applied load in kilograms-force.
B3.12 Metal Balls
3.1.6 immediate seizure region, n—that region of the scar-
load curve characterized by seizure or welding at the startup or
3. Terminology
by large wear scars.
3.1 Definitions: 3.1.6.1 Discussion—Under conditions of this test method,
3.1.1 compensation line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper the immediate seizure region is shown by line CD.Also, initial
where the coordinates are scar diameter in millimetres and deflection of indicating pen on the optional friction-measuring
applied load in kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under device is larger than with nonseizure loads.
dynamic conditions.
3.1.7 incipient seizure or initial seizure region, n—that
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as line ABE.
region at which, with an applied load, there is a momentary
3.1.2 compensation scar diameter—the average diameter, in breakdown of the lubricating film.
millimetres, of the wear scar on the stationary balls caused by 3.1.7.1 Discussion—This breakdown is noted by a sudden
the rotating ball under an applied load in the presence of a increase in the measured scar diameter, shown in Fig. 1 as line
lubricant, but without causing either seizure or welding. BC, and a momentary deflection of the indicating pen of the
optional friction-measuring device.
3.1.8 last nonseizure load, n—the last load at which the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
measured scar diameter is not more than 5 % greater than the
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
compenation value at that load.
D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as Point B.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2596–97(2008).
3.1.9 load-wear index (or the load-carrying property of a
DOI: 10.1520/D2596-10.
2
lubricant), n—an index of the ability of a lubricant to prevent
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. wear at applied loads.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2596 − 10
FIG. 1 Schematic Plot of Scar Diameter Versus Applied Load
FIG. 2 Sectional View of Four-Ball EP Tester
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Under the conditions of this test, spe-
cific loadings in kilograms-force (or Newtons) having intervals
of approximately 0.1 logarithmic units, are applied to the three
6. Ap
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2596–97 (Reapproved 2008) Designation:D2596–10
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Grease (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases. Two determinations are
made:
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load), and
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-Pressure (EP) Tester.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1 and 7.2.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
2
2.2 American National Standard:
B3.12 Metal Balls
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 compensation line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper where the coordinates are scar diameter in millimetres and applied
load in kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under dynamic conditions.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as line ABE.
3.1.2 compensation scar diameter—the average diameter, in millimetres, of the wear scar on the stationary balls caused by the
rotating ball under an applied load in the presence of a lubricant, but without causing either seizure or welding.
3.1.3 corrected load, n—the load in kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained by multiplying the applied load by the ratio of the
Hertz scar diameter to the measured scar diameter at that load.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In this test method, the corrected load is calculated for each run.
3.1.4 hertz line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper where the coordinates are scar diameter in millimetres and applied load in
kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under static conditions.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as a hertz line.
3.1.5 hertz scar diameter, n—the average diameter, in millimetres, of an indentation caused by the deformation of the balls
under static load (prior to test). It may be calculated from the equation:
–2 1/3
D 5 8.73 3 10 ~P! (1)
h
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0.04
on Functional Tests - Tribology.
´1
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2596–97(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/D2596-97R08.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2596–97(2008). DOI:
10.1520/D2596-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
2
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2596–10
FIG. 1 Schematic Plot of Scar Diameter Versus Applied Load
where:
D = Hertz diameter of the contact area in millimetres, and
h
P = static applied load in kilograms-force.
3.1.6 immediate seizure region, n—that region of the scar-load curve characterized by seizure or welding at the startup or by
large wear scars.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Under conditions of this test method, the immediate seizure region is shown by line CD. Also, initial
deflection of indicating pen on the optional friction-measuring device is larger than with nonseizure loads.
3.1.7 incipient seizure or ini
...
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