ASTM E100-95(2001)
(Specification)Standard Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
Standard Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers graduated in systems required by the various tests in which their use is required.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
Designation: E 100 – 95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Specification for
ASTM Hydrometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
eters manufactured prior to the adoption of the specifications will retain
1. Scope
the same official status as those meeting current specifications.
1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers graduated in
systems required by the various tests in which their use is
5. Type
required.
5.1 Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-
displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, except
2. Referenced Documents
for the scale, ballasting material, and the thermometric liquid
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of thermohydrometers.
D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall be
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
symmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no uneven
D 1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
or unnecessary thickening of the walls, and no abrupt changes
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
or constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend to
E 77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
trap air bubbles when the instrument is immersed.
mometers
5.3 The hydrometer shall always float with its axis vertical.
E 126 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Hy-
5.4 The hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the inside
drometers
when sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly rounded
E 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
without unnecessary thickening.
etry
5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free of
bubbles, striae, or other imperfections that might interfere with
3. Terminology
the use of the hydrometer. The glass shall adequately resist the
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology
reaction of chemical agents to which hydrometers may be
E 344 apply.
exposed, and also shall have suitable thermal properties to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
permit its use over the range of temperatures to which it may
3.2.1 length of the scale, n—the length of the nominal range
be subjected. In general, glasses suitable for constructing the
in the stem, not including graduations extending above and
bulbs of thermometers are satisfactory for hydrometers.
below the nominal limits.
NOTE 2—The API hydrometers are intended to be used in conjunction
3.2.2 top of the hydrometer, n—the top of the finished
with Test Method D 287, hydrometer readings being corrected using
instrument.
Guide D 1250, IP 200. Therefore, these hydrometers shall be made of
3.2.3 total length, n—the overall length of the finished
glass having a cubical coefficient of expansion of approximately
hydrometer.
0.0000128/1°F at 60°F.
4. Specifications
6. Body
4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailed
6.1 The preferred shapes for the bodies of hydrometers are
specifications in Table 1 and to the general requirements
shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
specified in Sections 5-15.
7. Ballast
NOTE 1—Changes in this specification may be made from time to time
which do not affect the basic characteristics of the hydrometers. Hydrom-
7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lower
part of the body, and no loose material of any sort may be
inside a hydrometer. When a cement is used to hold the ballast
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
securely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105°C
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05
on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers. (221°F).
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1995. Published April 1995. Originally
7.2 When mercury is used for weighting, it shall be placed
published as E 100 – 53. Last previous edition E 100 – 94.
in a small bulb below the main bulb of the hydrometer, and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
completely separated from the main bulb by means of a glass
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 100
(a) Plain Hydrometer (b) Thermohydrometer with (c) Thermohydrometer with
Thermometer in Body Thermometer in Stem
FIG. 1 Typical Hydrometers Designs
FIG. 2 Soil Hydrometers
partition or by sealing the small opening between bulbs with a may be anchored by a design which prevents it from moving;
suitable cement. Solid material, such as shot, also may be otherwise it shall be fixed in place with a cement that will not
placed in a similar small bulb. soften below 105°C (221°F) and will not deteriorate with time.
The paper shall show no evidence of scorching or charring
8. Stem
when received, or after use at 105°C (221°F). The scale must
8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with no
be straight and without twist.
perceptible irregularities. It shall extend above the top gradu-
10. Markings
ation at least 15 mm, and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mm
10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a perma-
below the lowest graduation.
nent black marking material, such as India ink.
9. Scale
10.2 All graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines not
9.1 The material for the scale is optional. If paper is used, exceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, and
only No. 1 sulfite paper or ledger paper shall be used. The scale in no case more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicular
E 100
to the vertical axis of the hydrometer. The lengths of main 12.6 The thermometer shall be calibrated in accordance
division lines, and the subdivision lines, shall be so chosen as with Test Method E 77.
to facilitate readings. The shortest lines shall be at least 2 mm
13. Special Inscription
long.
10.3 All numbers of the API hydrometers must be complete.
13.1 There shall appear on the scale or an extension thereof,
The numbers for 0.050 lines on specific gravity and density
or on a suitable label cemented permanently to the inside of the
hydrometers must include the values for the first three decimal
instrument, an inscription that indicates the purpose of the
places, for example: 0.750, 0.900, 1.100; the other numbered
hydrometer. If necessary, this inscription should denote the
lines may be abbreviated.
liquid for which the hydrometer is intended, the temperature at
10.4 For cemented scales, there shall be a permanent
which it is to be used, and the character of the indication.
reference mark on the stem of the hydrometer corresponding to
13.2 The designation of standard temperature and reference
a designated reference mark on the scale.
temperature may be abbreviated, for example, sp gr 60/60°F,
means that the hydrometer indicates at 60°F the specific
11. Graduation
gravity of the liquid, referred to water at 60°F as unity.
11.1 All hydrometers shall be graduated to read correctly
13.3 The inscription shall include also the hydrometer
where the plane of the level liquid surface intersects the stem.
number (1H, 6H, etc.) but not the year designation (62, etc.); a
11.2 Hydrometers indicating density shall be graduated to
unique serial number; and the name or trademark of the
indicate, at the temperature marked on the scale, the density of
manufacturer or vendor.
liquids in kilograms per cubic metre.
11.3 Specific gravity hydrometers shall be graduated to 14. Standardization
indicate the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of the liquid at
14.1 When tests are made at three scale points, the points
the stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of
shall include at least 60 % of the graduated interval of the
gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
scale. Neither of the extreme points shall be farther from the
11.4 API hydrometers shall be graduated to give degrees of
nearest end of the graduated scale than a distance represented
API gravity obtained as follows:
by 25 % of the length of the graduated scale. No two adjacent
API Gravity, deg 5 141.5/~sp gr 60/60°F!2 131.5 (1) points shall be farther apart than a distance represented by
50 % of the length of the graduated scale.
11.5 A list of liquids suitable for comparison tests of
NOTE 3—When testing thermohydrometers, the thermometer in the
hydrometers will be found in Table 1 of Test Method E 126.
instrument shall not be used to determine the temperature of the bath. An
ASTM Gravity Thermometer as prescribed in Specification E 1, or an
12. Thermohydrometers
instrument of equal sensitivity and accuracy, must be used.
12.1 The thermometer shall be of the mercury-in-glass type,
15. Case
unless otherwise specified.
15.1 The hydrometer shall be supplied in a suitable carton
12.2 The capillary stem shall be essentially parallel to the
on which shall appear the ASTM number, name, and range, as
hydrometer axis.
given in Table 1.
12.3 When the thermometer scale is located in the stem of
the hydrometer, the scale shall be in red to distinguish it from
16. Method for Inspection, Test, and Standardization
the hydrometer scale.
16.1 Hydrometers shall be inspected, tested, and standard-
12.4 When the thermometer scale is in the stem, calibration
ized in accordance with Test Method E 126.
and testing of the thermometer shall be based on immersion of
the thermometer scale to the level of the mercury in the
17. Keywords
thermometer stem (total immersion).
12.5 The requirements in Section 9 for the scale of the 17.1 ballast; body; hydrometers; specific gravity; stem;
hydrometer shall apply also to the scale of the thermometer. thermohydrometers
E 100
TABLE 1 Specifications for ASTM Hydrometers
API Gravity Hydrometers Specific Gravity Specific Gravity
Hydrometers Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of For General Use
Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominal
Hydrometer API Gravity Hydrometer Specific Gravity Hydrometer Specific
No. Range, deg No. Range No. Gravity
Range
A
1H-62 −1 to + 11 82H-62 0.650 to 0.700 For Alcohols
2H-62 9 to 21 83H-62 0.700 to 0.750 98H-62 0.950 to 1.000
A
3H-62 19 to 31 84H-61 0.750 to 0.800 For Heavy Liquids
4H-62 29 to 41 85H-62 0.800 to 0.850 111H-62 1.000 to 1.050
5H-62 39 to 51 86H-62 0.850 to 0.900 112H-62 1.050 to 1.100
6H-62 49 to 61 87H-62 0.900 to 0.950 113H-62 1.100 to 1.150
7H-62 59 to 71 88H-62 0.950 to 1.000 114H-62 1.150 to 1.200
8H-62 69 to 81 89H-62 1.000 to 1.050 115H-62 1.200 to 1.250
9H-62 79 to 91 90H-62 1.050 to 1.100 116H-62 1.250 to 1.300
10H-62 89 to 101 117H-62 1.300 to 1.350
118H-62 1.350 to 1.400
119H-62 1.400 to 1.450
120H-62 1.450 to 1.500
Standard temperature, °F 60 60/60 60/60
Subdivisions 0.1° API 0.0005 0.0005
Intermediate lines at 0.5° API 0.001 0.001
Main (numbered) lines at 1.0° API 0.005 0.005
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.1° API 0.0005 0.0005
Total length 325 to 335 325 to 335 325 to 335
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145 125 to 145 125 to 145
Scale extension beyond nominal range 0.2° 0.0025 0.0025
limits, max
Body diameter, mm 23 to 27 23 to 27 23 to 27
Stem diameter min, mm 4.0 5.0 4.0
API Gravity Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity
Range, deg Range, deg
21H-62 0 to 6 31H-62 50 to 56
22H-62 5 to 11 32H-62 55 to 61
23H-62 10 to 16 33H-62 60 to 66
24H-62 15 to 21 34H-62 65 to 71
25H-62 20 to 26 35H-62 70 to 76
26H-62 25 to 31 36H-62 75 to 81
27H-62 30 to 36 37H-62 80 to 86
28H-62 35 to 41 38H-62 85 to 91
29H-62 40 to 46 39H-62 90 to 96
30H-62 45 to 51 40H-62 95 to 101
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivision, °API 0.1
Intermediate lines at, °API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, °API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °API 0.2
Total length, mm 158 to 168
Length of nominal scale, mm 48 to 61
Scale extension beyond nominal range limits, max 0.2 °API
Body diameter, mm 12 to 15
Stem diameter min, mm 2.5
E 100
TABLE 1 Continued
API Gravity Thermohydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body
ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity Range, deg
41H-66 15 to 23
42H-66 22 to 30
43H-66 29 to 37
44H-66 36 to 44
45H-66 43 to 51
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 374 to 387
Body diameter, mm 18 to 25
Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivisions, ° API 0.1
Intermediate lines at,° API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, ° API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed,° API 0.1
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
B
Range, °F 0 to 150 Designation L
30 to 180 Designation M
60 to 220 Designation H
Immersion total
Subdivisions, °F 2
Intermediate lines at,° F 10
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 20
Scale error at any point not to exceed,° F 1
Scale length, mm 80 to 110
API Gravity Thermohydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body Thermometer Scale in Stem
Nominal API Gravity Nominal API Gravity
ASTM Hydrometer No. ASTM Hydrometer No.
Range, deg Range, deg
51H-62 –1 to + 11 71H-62 –1 to + 11
52H-62 9 to 21 72H-62 9 to 21
53H-62 19 to 31 73H-62 19 to 31
54H-62 29 to 41 74H-62 29 to 41
55H-62 39 to 51
56H-62 49 to 61
57H-62 59 to 71
58H-62 69 to 81
59H-62 79 to 91
60H-62 89 to 101
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 374 to 387 374 to 387
Body diameter, mm 18 to 25 23 to 27
Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0 6.0
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivisions, °API 0.1
Intermediate lines at, °API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, °API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °API 0.1
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
C
Range, °F 0 to 150 Designation L 30 to 220
30 to 180 Designation M
60 to 220 Designation H
Immersion total total
E 100
TABLE 1 Continued
Subdivisions, °F 2 2
Intermediate lines at,° F 10 10
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 20 20
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °F 1 1
Scale length, mm 80 to 110 105 to 145
Specific Gravity Thermohydrometer
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface
Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body
ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal Specific Gravity
Range
101H-62 0.500 to 0.650
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 354 to 366
Body diameter, mm 19 to 22
Stem diameter min, mm 10.5
Working pressure min, psi 200
Hydrometer Scale
S
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