ASTM D5737-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Methods for Measuring Well Discharge
Standard Guide for Methods for Measuring Well Discharge
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of methods to measure well discharge. This guide is an integral part of a series of standards prepared on the in-situ determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- or multiple-well tests. Measurement of well discharge is a common requirement to the determination of aquifer and well hydraulic properties.
1.2 This guide does not establish a fixed procedure for any method described. Rather, it describes different methods for measuring discharge from a pumping or flowing well. A pumping well is one type of control well. A control well can also be an injection well or a well in which slug tests are conducted.
1.3 This guide does not address borehole flow meters that are designed for measuring vertical or horizontal flow within a borehole.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Furthermore, it is the user's responsibility to properly dispose of water discharged.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5737–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Methods for Measuring Well Discharge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5737; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1.1 This guide covers an overview of methods to measure
D 1941 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement
well discharge. This guide is an integral part of a series of
of Water with the Parshall Flume
standards prepared on the in-situ determination of hydraulic
D 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method in
properties of aquifer systems by single- or multiple-well tests.
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
Measurement of well discharge is a common requirement to
D 5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement
the determination of aquifer and well hydraulic properties.
of Water Indirectly at Culverts
1.2 This guide does not establish a fixed procedure for any
D 5390 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement
method described. Rather, it describes different methods for
with Palmer-Bowlus Flumes
measuring discharge from a pumping or flowing well. A
D 5716 Test Method to Measure the Rate ofWell Discharge
pumping well is one type of control well. A control well can
by Circular Orifice Weir
also be an injection well or a well in which slug tests are
2.2 ISO Standard:
conducted.
Recommendation R541 Measurement of Fluid Flow by
1.3 This guide does not address borehole flow meters that
Means of Orifice Plates and Nozzles
are designed for measuring vertical or horizontal flow within a
2.3 ANSI Standard:
borehole.
Standard 1042 Part1MethodsfortheMeasurementofFluid
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Flow in Pipes, 1, Orifice Plates, Nozzles and Venturi
standard.
Tubes
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.4 ASME Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Standard MFC-3M-1989 Measurement of Fluid Flow in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Furthermore, it is
3. Terminology
the user’s responsibility to properly dispose of water dis-
3.1 Definitions:
charged.
3.1.1 conceptual model—an interpretation or description of
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
the characteristics, interactions, and dynamics of a physical
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
system.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
3.1.2 control well—awellbywhichtheheadandflowinthe
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
aquifer is changed, by pumping, injection, or imposing a
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
change of head.
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3.1.3 discharge—or rate of flow, is the volume of water that
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
passes a particular reference section in a unit of time.
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
3.1.4 totalizing flow meter—a flow meter that indicates the
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
cumulative flow displayed as a volume. The flow rate is
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
calculated based on the time between two readings.
document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
2.1 ASTM Standards: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
1 6
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Vadose Zone Investigations. Available fromAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th Street,
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. New York, NY 10017.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5737
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see classifications, sharp crested, broad crested, and suppressed.
Terminology D 653. Sharp crested weirs use a flat plate that is configured in a
triangular “V” or rectangular shape; they are described in
4. Significance and Use
5.3.1.1. SeeTest Method D 5242. Broad crested weirs are wide
4.1 This guide is limited to the description of test methods
rectangular restrictions that are usually only used as spillways
typical for measurement of ground-water discharge from a
in dams. They are not described here. More information on
control well.
broad crested weirs may be found in Ref (4). A third classifi-
4.1.1 Controlled field tests are the primary means of deter-
cation of weirs, called suppressed weirs, are more commonly
mining aquifer properties. Most mathematical equations devel-
known as flumes. Flumes are discussed in 5.3.2.
oped for analyzing field tests require measurement of control
5.3.1.1 Sharp Crested Weirs—The weir is placed flush
well discharge.
against the flowing stream, and the notch is made as sharp as
4.1.2 Discharge may be needed for evaluation of well
possible using a flat piece of metal with sharp edges forming
design and efficiency.
theweirnotch.Therelationbetweentheheadandthedischarge
4.1.3 For aquifer tests, a conceptual model should be
of a weir varies according to the shape of the weir notch. A
prepared to evaluate the proper test method and physical test
weir is inexpensive to construct, easy to install and highly
requirements, such as well placement and design (see Guide
accurate when installed and used properly.
D 4043). Review the site data for consistency with the concep-
tual model. Revise the conceptual model as appropriate and
5.3.2 Flume—A flume is a device that restricts flow in the
consider the implications on the planned activities.
channel which causes the water to accelerate, producing a
4.1.4 For aquifer tests, the discharge rate should be suffi-
corresponding change in the water level. The head can then be
cient to cause significant stress of the aquifer without violating
related to discharge. Several types of flumes have been
test assumptions. Conditions that may violate test assumptions
developed; the most common flume for measuring well dis-
include conversion of the aquifer from confined to unconfined
charge is the Parshall flume, originally designed by R. L.
conditions, lowering the water level in the control well to
Parshall of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (5). See Test
belowthetopofthewellscreen,causingawellscreenentrance
Methods D 1941 and D 5390.
velocity that promotes well development during the test, or
5.3.2.1 Flumes have several advantages over weirs. The
decreasing the filter pack permeability characteristics.
most important of these is the self-cleaning capacity of flumes
4.1.5 Sometestmethodsdescribedherearenotapplicableto
comparedwithsharp-edgedweirs.Headlossesthroughaflume
injection well tests.
are also much less than for a weir, so when the available head
4.2 This guide does not apply to test methods used in
is limited, flumes are more desirable. Flumes can function over
measurement of flow of other fluids used in industrial opera-
a wide range of discharges and still require only a single
tions, such as waste water, sludge, oil, and chemicals.
upstream head measurement. However, flumes require more
5. Test Methods
time to set up than weirs.
5.1 Selection of a Well Discharge Rate Measurement
5.4 Closed Conduit Methods:
Method—Select a well discharge measurement method based
5.4.1 Invasive Methods:
on the desired discharge rate or rates, the desired pumping
5.4.1.1 Turbine-Type (Propeller) Flow Meters—Atotalizing
method, the required accuracy and frequency of measurement,
flow meter is a device used in measuring water in most
the type of pump discharge and the water conveyance method.
domestic and commercial potable water uses. This flow meter
5.2 Principal Well Discharge Rate Measurement
consists of a flow tube in which a rotor blade is mounted
Methods—Asummary of principal methods is given below for
together with either a means of generating an electrical signal
typical hydrogeologic testing. Additional information may be
proportionaltotheangularvelocityoftherotororamechanical
found in a publication of the National Institute of Standards
system of gears that rotates proportional to the flow volume.
and Technology (NIST) (1) , the American Soc
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.