ASTM D7176-06(2011)

Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used for construction of concealed containment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes, canals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures or similar installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria and methods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforced flexible sheet made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin as the primary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. This specification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mm thickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)typically used for geomembrane linings.
1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. The test and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria such as material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others, are factors that shall be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses (English) are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2011
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.06 - Geosynthetic Specifications

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D7176-06 - Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D7408-12(2020) - Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Geomembrane Seams
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7176 −06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes
Used in Buried Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverspolyvinylchloride(PVC)flex-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ible sheeting which is used for construction of concealed
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
containment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
canals,reservoirs,landfillliners,coversandclosuresorsimilar
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the
construction is complete. Included are requirements for mate-
2. Referenced Documents
rials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
methods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforced
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
flexiblesheetmadefrompolyvinylchloride(PVC)resinasthe
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
primary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. This
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
specification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mm
D882Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
thickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)—typically used for
Sheeting
geomembrane linings.
D1004Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product in
Plastic Film and Sheeting
accordance with the requirements in Section 5.
D1203Test Methods for Volatile Loss From Plastics Using
1.3 Thetestsareintendedtoensurequalityandperformance
Activated Carbon Methods
and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been
D1204Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
the environment to which the membrane will be subjected
Temperature
during actual use. The test and property limits used to
D1239Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films to
characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum
Extraction by Chemicals
quality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria such
D1243Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
as material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others,
Chloride Polymers
arefactorsthatshallbeconsideredbutarebeyondthescopeof
D1790Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastic
this specification.
Sheeting by Impact
D2124TestMethodforAnalysisofComponentsinPoly(Vi-
1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as
nyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectropho-
the standard.The values stated in parentheses (English) are for
tometric Technique
information only.
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5033GuideforDevelopmentofASTMStandardsRelating
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics (Withdrawn
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2007)
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of Geosynthetics
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.06 on Geosyn- contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
thetic Specifications. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally pub- the ASTM website.
lished 2006. Last previous edition approved 2006 as D7176–06. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D7176-06R11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7176−06 (2011)
D5747Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis- 5. Materials and Manufacture
tance of Geomembranes to Liquids
5.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) con-
G160Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of
tainment membrane formulated from PVC materials meeting
Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial
the following requirements:
5.2 The geomembrane sheet shall consist of polyvinyl
3. Terminology
chloride (PVC) resin in amounts greater than 50% of the total
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
weight suitably compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers,
nology D4439 unless otherwise indicated.
additives, and pigments, to satisfy the physical property
requirements.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 fabricator, n—a company that converts geomembrane
5.3 A PVC resin with an inherent viscosity (logarithmic
rolls into panels.
viscosity number) of not less than 0.92 as determined by Test
3.2.2 homogeneous sheeting, n—sheeting that is of uniform Method D1243.
composition throughout its thickness.
5.4 Reworkedmaterials,asdefinedinGuideD5033,maybe
3.2.3 manufacture, n—a company that processes raw mate- usedinthisproductifalltherequirementsinSections3,5,and
rials into geomembrane rolls.
6aremetbythereworkedmaterial.Amaximumofupto10%
reworked material shall be permitted.
3.2.4 panel, n—a series of geomembrane sheets fabricated
together to make a larger unit, as supplied by a fabricator
6. Physical Properties and Requirements
usually folded onto a pallet or folded then rolled on a core.
6.1 Thesheetingshallconformtothephysicalrequirements
3.2.5 roll, n—a quantity of geomembrane rolled up to form
prescribed in Tables 1 and 2.
a single package as supplied from the manufacturer.
6.2 Sheeting shall be compounded so that bonds between
3.2.6 roll width, n—the width of a roll as supplied from the
sheets used in fabrication of large geomembrane panels can be
manufacture, (typically 1.5 to 2.5 m) (60 to 96 in.).
accomplished in the factory or field without reducing the
3.2.7 sheet, n—a part of the manufactured geomembrane
overallresistanceofthemembranetopermeationorleakageor
material cut from the roll.
significantly reducing the sheeting’s physical strength. The
manufacturer shall specify recommended bonding procedures
4. Classification
in its product literature.
4.1 The sheeting will be subdivided by grades based on
6.3 The sheeting shall be colored as agreed upon between
thickness:
the purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract.
4.1.1 PVC10—0.254 mm (0.010 in.).
6.4 The sheeting shall be monolithic and homogeneous.
4.1.2 PVC20—0.508 mm (0.020 in.).
6.5 Metric values are converted from U.S. values and are
4.1.3 PVC30—0.762 mm (0.030 in.).
rounded to the available significant digits.
4.1.4 PVC40—1.016 mm (0.040 in.).
4.1.5 PVC50—1.270 mm (0.050 in.). 6.6 Manufacturing Certified Properties—Certified proper-
4.1.6 PVC60—1.524 mm (0.060 in.). ties are tested based on a quantity of material produced.
TABLE 1 Certified Properties
Certified Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60
Thickness ± D5199 0.254 ± 0.013 mm 0.508 ± 0.030 mm 0.762 ± 0.040 mm 1.016 ± 0.050 mm 1.270 ± 0.060 mm 1.524 ± 0.080 mm
(0.010 ± 0.0005 in.) (0.020 ± 0.0010 in.) (0.030 ± 0.0015 in.) (0.040 ± 0.0020 in.) (0.050 ± 0.0025 in.) (0.060 ± 0.0030 in.)
Tensile Properties D882
Strength at Break Min 4.2 kN/m 8.4 kN/m 12.8 kN/m 17.0 kN/m 20.3 kN/m 24.0 kN/m
(24 lb/in.) (48 lb/in.) (73 lb/in.) (97 lb/in.) (116 lb/in.) (137 lb/in.)
Elongation Min 250 % 360 % 380 % 430 % 430 % 450 %
Modulus at 100 % Min 1.8 kN/m 3.6 kN/m 5.4 kN/m 7.2 kN/m 9.0 kN/m 10.8 kN/m
(10 lb/in.) (20 lb/in.) (30 lb/in.) (40 lb/in.) (50 lb/in.) (60 lb/in.)
Tear Strength D1004 11 N 27 N 35 N 44 N 58 N 67 N
Min (2.5 lb) (6 lb) (8 lb) (10 lb) (13 lb) (15 lb)
Dimensional Stability D1204 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Max
Change
Low Temperature D1790 -23°C -26°C -29°C -29°C -29°C -29°C
Impact Pass (-10°F) (-15°F) (-20°F) (-20°F) (-20°F) (-20°F)
D7176−06 (2011)
TABLE 2 Index Properties
Index Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60
Specific Gravity D792 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Min
Water Extraction D1239 0.15 7% 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.20 % 0.20 % 0.20 %
Max Loss
Volatile Loss D1203 1.5 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 0.50 % 0.50 %
Max Loss
Soil Burial G160
Max Change
Break Strength 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 %
Elongation 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %
Modulus at 100 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 %
Hydrostatic Resistance D751 290 kPa 470 kPa 690 kPa 830 kPa 1030 kPa 1240 kPa
Min (42 psi) (68 psi) (100 psi) (120 psi) (150 psi) (180 psi)
Minimum Average Molecular Weight D2124 400 400 400 400 400 400
Certified properties are tested once per lot, or
...