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ASTM E2731-09

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event (Withdrawn 2018)

Standard Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event (Withdrawn 2018)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to provide a basis for identification of materials used to immobilize radioactive contamination, minimize exposure, and facilitate subsequent decontamination.  
1.2 This standard provides a set of specifications describing a stabilizer (coating or coating system) to be used to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination. Some of these specifications may prove difficult to meet. A product that meets some, but not all, of the performance specifications herein may have value, and this specification may be used as a guide by which to evaluate such products.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification was intended to provide a basis for identification of materials used to immobilize radioactive contamination, minimize exposure, and facilitate subsequent decontamination.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E54 on Homeland Security Applications, this specification was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Nov-2009
Withdrawal Date
16-Jan-2018
ICS
13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
Technical Committee
E54 - Homeland Security Applications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM E3104-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Strippable and Removable Coatings to Mitigate Spread of Radioactive Contamination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2771-11(2019) - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009

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ASTM E2731-09 - Standard Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event (Withdrawn 2018)ASTM E2731-09 - Standard Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event (Withdrawn 2018)
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ASTM E2731-09 - Standard Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event (Withdrawn 2018)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2731 −09
Standard Specification for
Materials to Mitigate the Spread of Radioactive
1
Contamination after a Radiological Dispersion Event
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Plastic Film and Sheeting
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
1.1 This specification is intended to provide a basis for
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
identification of materials used to immobilize radioactive
D4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using
contamination, minimize exposure, and facilitate subsequent
2 Portable Adhesion Testers
decontamination.
E108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
1.2 This standard provides a set of specifications describing
a stabilizer (coating or coating system) to be used to prevent 3. Terminology
the spread of radioactive contamination. Some of these speci-
3.1 Definitions:
fications may prove difficult to meet. A product that meets
3.1.1 stabilizer, n—film-forming product used to physically
some, but not all, of the performance specifications herein may
or chemically hold or bind radioactive particulates. In the case
have value, and this specification may be used as a guide by
of a muti-part material (for example, compounded) or multi-
which to evaluate such products.
step process, the term stabilizing system may be used inter-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded changeably with stabilizer.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Stabilization does not mean affecting
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only the radioactivity or the decay process of the radioactive
and are not considered standard.
contamination.
3.1.2 stabilizing agent, n—active ingredient or compound
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the within the stabilizer that immobilizes radioactive particulates.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 stabilizing film, n—material that results from the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
application of the stabilizer.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 stabilizing system, n—one or more products or
procedures, or both, that, when used together, form a stabiliz-
2. Referenced Documents
ing film to hold or bind particulates that may be radioactive.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 immobilize, v—to fix in place; to prevent movement or
D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
reaerosolization of particulates due to mechanical or environ-
tic Elastomers—Tension
mental forces such as by tracking, precipitation, or wind.
D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
4. Significance and Use
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on
4.1 This specification establishes performance specifica-
Homeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
tions for a stabilizer that is intended to immobilize dispersible
E54.03 on Decontamination.
radioactive contamination deposited on buildings and equip-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. DOI: 10.1520/
ment as might result from a radiological dispersal device
E2731-09.
2
A list of the radionuclides of interest for the purposes of this specification can
(RDD) event.
be obtained from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) at
4.2 The intended use of the stabilizer addressed in this
http://www.remm.nlm.gov/rdd.htm#isotopes. Additional information is available
from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Protective Action Guides for
specification is primarily in an urban environment; however, it
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
may be used in other environments such as suburban or rural
Incidents (PDF - 481 KB) (DHS/FEMA draft document, published in Federal
areas.
Register January 3, 2006, Z-RIN 1660-ZA02).
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.3 The stabilizer is intended to be removable during
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
subsequent decontamination and recovery operations. It is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. intended to reduce: (1) migration of the contamination into or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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These practices should be used only to collect visible samples that are suspected biothreat agents and have been field screened as defined by the FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC Coordinated Document for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards.
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5.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the mean grain size, and the distribution of grain intercept lengths or grain areas, for polycrystalline metals and nonmetallic materials with equiaxed or deformed grain shapes, with uniform or duplex grain size distributions, and for single phase or multiphase grain structures.  
5.2 The measurements are performed using semiautomatic digitizing tablet image analyzers or automatic image analyzers. These devices relieve much of the tedium associated with manual measurements, thus permitting collection of a larger amount of data and more extensive sampling which will produce better statistical definition of the grain size than by manual methods.  
5.3 The precision and relative accuracy of the test results depend on the representativeness of the specimen or specimens, quality of specimen preparation, clarity of the grain boundaries (etch technique and etchant used), the number of grains measured or the measurement area, errors in detecting grain boundaries or grain interiors, errors due to detecting other features (carbides, inclusions, twin boundaries, and so forth), the representativeness of the fields measured, and programming errors.  
5.4 Results from these test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, to compare different manufacturing processes or process variations, or to provide data for structure-property-behavior studies.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.  
1.2 These measurements are made with a semiautomatic digitizing tablet or by automatic image analysis using an image of the grain structure produced by a microscope.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to any type of grain structure or grain size distribution as long as the grain boundaries can be clearly delineated by etching and subsequent image processing, if necessary.  
1.4 These test methods are applicable to measurement of other grain-like microstructures, such as cell structures.  
1.5 This standard deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the materials tested.  
1.6 The sections appear in the following order:    
Section  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Definitions  
3.1  
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard  
3.2  
Symbols  
3.3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Interferences  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Sampling  
8  
Test Specimens  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Calibration  
11  
Procedure:  
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet  
12  
Intercept Lengths  
12.3  
Intercept and Intersection Counts  
12.4  
Grain Counts  
12.5  
Grain Areas  
12.6  
ALA Grain Size  
12.6.1  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
12.7  
Procedure:  
Automatic Image Analysis  
13  
Grain Boundary Length  
13.5  
Intersection Counts  
13.6  
Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field  
13.7.2  
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths  
13.7.4  
Grain Counts  
13.8  
Mean Grain Area/Field  
13.9  
Individual Grain Areas  
13.9.4  
ALA Grain Size  
13.9.8  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
13.10  
Calculation of Results  
14  
Test Report  
15  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Specimens  
Annex A1  
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Delineation  
Annex A2  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental pra...

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ASTM
ASTM G125-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Liquid and Solid Material Fire Limits in Gaseous Oxidants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for measuring of the minimum conditions of a range of parameters (concentration of oxidant in a flowing mixture of oxidant and diluent, pressure, temperature) that will just support sustained propagation of combustion. For materials that exhibit flaming combustion, this is a flammability limit similar to the lower flammability limit, upper flammability limit, and minimum oxidant for combustion of gases (1).4 However, unlike flammability limits for gases, in two-phase systems, the concept of upper and lower flame limits is not meaningful. However, limits can typically be determined for variations in other parameters such as the minimum oxidant for combustion (the oxidant index), the pressure limit, the temperature limit, and others. Measurement and use of these data are analogous to the measurement and use of the corresponding data for gaseous systems. That is, the limits apply to systems likely to experience complete propagations (equilibrium combustion). Successful ignition and combustion below the measured limits at other conditions or of a transient nature are not precluded below the threshold. Flammability limits measured at one set of conditions are not necessarily the lowest thresholds at which combustion can occur. Therefore direct correlation of these data with the burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the threshold-limit conditions to allow equilibrium of combustion of materials in various oxidant gases under specific test conditions of pressure, temperature, flow condition, fire-propagation directions, and various other geometrical features of common systems.  
1.2 This test method is patterned after Test Method D2863-95 and incorporates its procedure for measuring the limit as a function of oxidant concentration for the most commonly used test conditions. Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and  for the basic oxidant limit (oxygen index) procedure are quoted directly from Test Method D2863-95. Oxygen index data reported in accordance with Test Method D2863-95 are acceptable substitutes for data collected with this standard under similar conditions.  
1.3 This test method has been found applicable to testing and ranking various forms of materials. It has also found limited usefulness for surmising the prospect that materials will prove “oxygen compatible” in actual systems. However, its results do not necessarily apply to any condition that does not faithfully reproduce the conditions during test. The fire limit is a measurement of a behavioral property and not a physical property. Uses of these data are addressed in Guides G63 and G94.  
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing a range of materials in a range of oxidants with a range of diluents, the accuracy has not been determined for many of these combinations and conditions of specimen geometry, outside those of the basic procedure as applied to plastics.
Note 2: Test Method D2863-95 has been revised and the revised Test Method has been issued as D2863-97. The major changes involve sample dimensions, burning criteria and the method for determining the oxygen index. The aim of the revisions was to align Test Method D2863 with ISO 4589-2. Six laboratories conducted comparison round robin testing on self-supporting plastics and cellular materials using D2863-95 and D2863-97. The results indicate that there is no difference between the means provided y the two methods at the 95 % confidence level. No comparison tests were conducted on thin films. The majority of ASTM Committee G4 favors maintaining the D2863-95 as the backbone of G125 until comprehensive comparison data become available.  
1.4 One very specific set of test conditions for measuring the fire limits of metals in oxygen has been codified in Test Method G124. Test Method G124 measures the minimum pressure limit in oxygen fo...

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