ASTM C1496-01
(Guide)Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
Standard Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
ABSTRACT
This guide outlines the standard procedures for the visual assessment and maintenance of exterior dimension stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. The examination procedures established here can help identify and diagnose problems that require repairs or corrective action, but is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs. This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone claddings with joints usually filled with mortar or sealant that are designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements. This guide specifically excludes the following: dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring, or paving; slate dimension stone used as roofing; thin stone exterior cladding; stone cladding attached to metal flames; the removal of small area stains. Also, this guide may apply, but is not specifically directed, to the following: walls and facades containing semi-dimensions, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face or rubble; and stone-facade concrete panels. The common problems to consider include rising damps; mortar distresses; surface losses; cracks; displacements, bowings, or bulges; and spalls and fragments. The corresponding repairs to be made that shall address these problems are detailed for each.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.
1.2 This guide specifically excludes dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 inches nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.
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Designation:C1496–01
Standard Guide for
Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone
1
Masonry Walls and Facades
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1496; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone 3.1 Terms used in this guide are defined in Terminology
masonry walls and facades to determine their general condi- C119.
tion. Examining key features of the construction can help 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or 3.2.1 crack monitor—any of the several two-part devices
corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions that can be attached to stone masonry in such a way that they
which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, can span cracks in order to periodically measure changes in
or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to crack width thereby indicating movement.
be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or 3.2.2 dutchman—repair used to patch stone masonry with a
structural repairs. section of new stone. The damaged area within a particular
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone element is removed. The remaining void is trimmed to a
stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected regularshape.Anewpieceofstone,or“dutchman,”iscutfrom
to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, matching stone cut slightly smaller than the area to be filled. It
including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, is installed using dowels or some other mechanical attachment,
dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the then adhered, or mortared into place.
like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are 3.2.3 exfoliation—deterioration or loss of stone in the form
usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are of flakes, scales, and layers.
usuallydesignedtoaccommodatestructuralandthermalmove- 3.2.4 professional assistance—independent opinions and
ments. recommendations provided by persons having expertise in the
1.2 Thisguidespecificallyexcludesdimensionstoneusedin assessment and repair of stone masonry. Such professionals
interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension may include independent consultants such as architects, engi-
stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assess- neers, material scientists such as mineralogist or geologists, or
ment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 inches stone masonry contractors.
nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding at- 3.2.5 thick—stones with a nominal bed-depth of 2 in. (5
tached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique cm.) or more.
design characteristics and performance requirements.Although
4. Significance and Use
procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and
4.1 This guide attempts to provide information to assist
facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in
the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete buildingownersandmanagerswithlimitedknowledgeofstone
construction to recognize basic problems with performance of
panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use.
It does not address removal of small-area stains. facades, and to keep them in good condition through periodic
inspections and maintenance. Increased awareness of the
2. Referenced Documents
behavior of stone masonry facades and associated materials
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: can reduce maintenance and replacement costs by addressing
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone problems and deterioration early.
4.2 The objective of all maintenance should be to limit
1 deterioration through early intervention. When it appears
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
damage to stone support elements has occurred, professionals
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental
Properties, Behavior and Cleaning.
should be consulted to evaluate the support conditions, as well
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published July 2001. DOI: 10.1520/
as recommend methods to restore the building’s integrity and
C1496-01.
2 preserve public safety.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C1496–01
5. Intro
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