ASTM F432-95(2001)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
Standard Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accessories. Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded and slotted steel bars; fully grouted bolts and threaded bars; mechanical anchorage devices used for point anchorage applications; roof truss systems; partially grouted deformed bolts; formable anchorage devices; and other frictional anchorage devices. All of these products represent various designs used for ground support systems. This specification can be revised to address new technologies.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This hazard statement applies only to Section 10, Test Methods of this specification. This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: F 432 – 95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Specification for
Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 432; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A 563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
A 568/A 568M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and
High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled,
dimensional requirements for roof and rock bolts and accesso-
General Requirements for
ries. Addressed in this specification are double-end threaded
A 615 Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel
and slotted steel bars; fully grouted bolts and threaded bars;
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
mechanical anchorage devices used for point anchorage appli-
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
cations; roof truss systems; partially grouted deformed bolts;
Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
formable anchorage devices; and other frictional anchorage
D 1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
devices. All of these products represent various designs used
Extrusion Material
for ground support systems. This specification can be revised
F 436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
to address new technologies.
F 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Washers, and Rivets
information only.
2.2 ASME Standards:
1.3 This hazard statement applies only to Section 10, Test
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads
Methods of this specification. This standard does not purport
B 1.3M Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional
to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
Acceptability—Inch and Metric Screw Threads
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bearing plates, plate washers, mine roof plates—
2.1 ASTM Standards:
plates that serve to distribute the load from the exposed end of
A 29/A 29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and
the bolt or threaded bar to the rock face or intermediate
Alloy, Hot-Wrought and Cold-Finished, General Require-
2 member.
ments for
3.1.1.1 header plates—large rectangular bearing plates,
A 47 Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
usually 6 in. (152 mm) wide by 16 to 18 in. (406.4 to 457.2
A 194/A 194M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel
mm) long, or any other shape with an equivalent area, used in
Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure and High-Temperature
4 substitution for wooden header blocks for wider distribution of
Service
the bolt load than is possible with standard bearing plates.
A 220 Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
3.1.2 bendable bolts—bolts furnished with an altered sec-
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
tion at some location, to be specified by the customer, at which
of Steel Products
3 the bar will bend.
A 536 Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Bending is necessary to permit instal-
lation of bars longer than the mine opening height. This altered
section may be produced by hot or cold forging, or by shearing,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
sawing, trimming, machining, grinding, or a combination of
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
these processes.
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.
Current edition approved Jan. 13, 1995. Published March 1995. Originally
published as E 53 – 75. Last previous edition F 432 – 94.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.08.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
4 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
5 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Available from ASME International, Information Central, 22 Law Dr., PO Box
2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 432 – 95 (2001)
3.1.3 beveled washers—washers whose faces are at an angle 3.1.20 threaded couplings—couplings used to permit the
permitting a headed bolt or threaded bar to be installed at a assembly of additional externally threaded items.
slight angle to the rock face and yet maintained the face of the 3.1.21 threaded slotted bars—bars threaded at one end each
bolt head perpendicular to the bolt axis. with a forged, burned, or sawed slot at the other, into which a
tapered wedge can be inserted. When each assembly is driven
3.1.4 chemical anchors—chemical materials that provide
anchorage between the bolt or bar and the drilled hole. into a bottomed hole, the wedge spreads the slot and an
anchorage is produced.
3.1.5 expansion shells—anchorage devices that expand to
3.1.22 threaded tapered plugs—threaded wedge that ex-
grip the sides of a drilled hole mechanically and transfer load
pands the expansion shell by the movement of the threaded
from the location of the anchor to the bar or bolt.
plug within the shell as tightening progresses.
3.1.6 extensions—threaded bars used to extend the length of
threaded or threaded slotted bars.
4. Ordering Information
3.1.7 formable anchorage devices— any roof support de-
vices that provide anchorage through some means of physical
4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
interference and engagement of the surface of a bar or bolt with
at least the following information:
any formable material, other than chemical grout, in a bore-
4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces),
hole.
4.1.2 Name of product together with description of acces-
3.1.8 frictional anchorage devices— roof support devices sories,
that are designed so that the holding force acts over the full 4.1.3 Dimensions,
contact length. 4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue, including
strength grade,
3.1.9 fully grouted bolts and threaded bars—deformed bars
or plain bars used with full-length grouting and having special 4.1.5 Special requirements, if any, including packaging and
thread protection instructions, and
deformations or other design features to provide interlocking
between the steel and the grout. 4.1.6 Certifications, if required.
4.2 The products covered by this specification are currently
3.1.10 hardened washers—washers that have been hard-
produced by many manufacturers to a wide variety of designs.
ened by heat treatment to provide consistency to the torque
It is necessary for the user and the manufacturer to establish the
tension relation necessary to control installation tension of
requirements of the individual installation and to agree as to the
bolts and threaded bars.
type of assembly to be employed. See Annex A1 and Appendix
3.1.11 minimum non-seizure load (MNSL)—the load level
X1 for additional information.
in pounds through which bolt/plug thread seizure must not
occur.
5. Manufacturing Processes
3.1.12 minimum ultimate load (MUL)—the load level in
pounds through which bolt/plug thread failure must not occur.
5.1 Materials for Bolts, Extensions, and Threaded or
3.1.13 rollers, cams—moving devices that, when used with
Threaded Slotted Bars:
internally threaded cylinders containing external tapered slots, 5.1.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
provide expansion to grip the sides of a drilled hole mechani-
Table 1 and in Specification A 29 for plain bars or Specification
cally and transfer load from the location of the anchor to the A 615 for plain or deformed bars unless otherwise specified.
bar or bolt.
5.1.1.1 Threaded slotted bars may have the slot produced by
3.1.14 roof and rock bolts—headed hot-rolled bars with forging, burning, or sawing. Burned slots of Grades 55 and 75
cold-rolled or machine-cut threads at the end, to be used with threaded slotted bars must have the slotted end normalized by
anchorage devices to hold up mine roofs, hold back walls, or
hold down equipment or foundations.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
3.1.15 roof truss system—a roof support system incorporat-
ing bolts that are joined together by crossmember(s) that is
Product Carbon, max, % Sulfur, max, % Phosphorus, max,
%
(are) tensioned by design.
Heat Product Heat Product Heat Product
3.1.16 spherical washers or seats—washers that are flat on
one side and have a spherical face on the other side. The Bolts, threaded
bars, and threaded
combination of spherical washer together with a depression in
A B
slotted bars 0.75 0.79 0.13 0.050 0.058
B
the bearing plate produces a ball-and-socket joint permitting
Steel tapered wedges 0.80 0.84 0.13 0.050 0.058
Hardened spherical,
bolts to be installed at a slight angle to the rock face while still
flat, or beveled
maintaining the face of the bolt head perpendicular to the bolt
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
axis.
Spherical or beveled
washers 0.80 0.84 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
3.1.17 tapered wedges—plain wedges that provide the
Bearing and header
expansion for threaded slotted bars.
plates 1.00 1.04 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
Steel threaded tapered
3.1.18 tension nuts—nuts that are intended to induce and
B
plugs 0.60 0.64 0.13 0.050 0.058
maintain tension in a bolt.
Steel expansion shells 0.30 0.33 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
3.1.19 threaded bars—bars that are used with a nut on one
A
Bars furnished in accordance with Specification A 615 may be substituted for
end and an anchorage device on the other. They are used in a
these requirements.
B
manner similar to the bolts described in 3.1.14. Check analysis for sulfur if a resulfurized steel is not technically appropriate.
F 432 – 95 (2001)
heating to a minimum of 1600°F (870°C) and air cooling 5.9 Chemical grouting materials are covered in Annex A3 of
subsequent to burning. this specification.
5.1.1.2 Threads on bolts or threaded bars may be cold rolled 5.10 Materials for threaded couplings shall be selected by
or machine cut on the hot-rolled bars. the manufacturer to ensure compliance with 7.6 and 8.7.
5.2 Materials for Tapered Wedges for Use With Threaded 5.11 Materials for Bolts and Threaded Bars for Use in
Slotted Bars: Grouted Systems—Plain or deformed steel bars shall conform
5.2.1 Malleable iron casting shall conform to Specification to Table 1 or Specification A 615.
A 47. 5.12 Materials for Frictional Anchorage Devices—Sheet
5.2.2 Pearlitic malleable iron castings shall conform to steel shall conform to Specification A 568/A 568M.
Specification A 220, Grades 45006 or 50005. 5.13 Components of roof truss systems shall be manufac-
5.2.3 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in tured in accordance with the appropriate paragraph(s) of
Table 1. Section 5 of this specification.
5.3 Materials for Expansion Shells: 5.14 Materials for Formable Anchors:
5.3.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification 5.14.1 Materials for formable anchor tubes are as follows:
A 47. 5.14.1.1 Polyethylenes used for formable anchor tubes shall
5.3.2 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in conform to ASTM D 1248 Classification Type III, Class A or
Table 1. B, Category 5.
5.3.3 Ductile iron castings shall conform to Specification
NOTE 1—All shapes, compositions, and properties of formable anchor
A 536, Grades 60-40-18.
materials are not covered by this specification. Users must ensure that the
5.4 Materials for threaded tapered plugs used with expan-
formable anchor material offered is suitable for its intended use.
sion shells shall conform to the test specifications in 10.8.
6. Chemical Composition
5.5 Materials for Bearing and Header Plates, Also Known
As Plate Washers or Mine Roof Plates:
6.1 Materials used for bolts, threaded bars, threaded slotted
5.5.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
bars, spherical, flat, or beveled washers, threaded tapered
Table 1.
plugs, tapered wedges, expansion shells, bearing plates and
5.5.1.1 Bearing and header plates may be strengthened by
roof truss components shall be as specified in Table 1 and
cold forming or may be hardened by quenching in a liquid Section 5.
medium from above the austenitizing temperature and temper-
6.2 Materials for all cast or wrought metallic items other
ing at a temperature of not less than 650°F (345°C). than those covered in 6.1 shall conform to the requirements as
5.6 Materials for Spherical, Flat, or Beveled Hardened
specified in Section 5.
Washers: 6.3 Individual heats of steel or cast iron are not identified in
5.6.1 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
any of the finished products.
Table 1. 6.4 Chemical analyses for steel products shall be performed
5.6.1.1 Hardened steel washers shall be through hardened
in accordance with Test Methods A 751.
by quenching in a liquid medium from above the austenitizing
6.5 Materials for formable anchors shall conform to the
temperature and tempering at a temperature of not less than
requirements, if applicable, specified in Section 5.
650°F (345°C). Case-hardened washers are not permitted.
6.6 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
5.7 Materials for Spherical or Beveled Washers:
with Test Methods A 751.
5.7.1 Malleable iron castings shall conform to Specification
7. Mechanical Properties
A 47.
7.1 Mechanical properties of steel bars, for the manufacture
5.7.2 Pearlitic malleable iron castings shall conform to
of bolts, threaded bars, or threaded slotted bars shall be as
Specification A 220, Grades 45006, 50005, or 60004.
specified in Table 3 for the required grade.
5.7.3 Steel shall conform to the requirements shown in
7.2 Mechanical properties of steel bolts, threaded bars, and
Table 1.
threaded slotted bars whose slots have been produced without
5.8 Nuts shall be in accordance with Specification A 194 or
material removal shall be as specified in Table 4 for the
A 563. Appropriate nuts for each grade of threaded bar are
required grade.
shown in Table 2. Higher strength nuts conforming to Speci-
7.3 Expansion shells, threaded tapered plugs, tapered
fications A 194 or A 563 may be substituted. When specified
wedges, and spherical washers shall conform to the applicable
on the order or contract, nuts with external dimensions o
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