ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)

Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2022
• ICS: 59.080.20 - Yarns
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4849-13(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e3 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e1 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e2 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D1578-93(2011) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
• Effective Date: 01-May-2011

Overview

ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022), titled Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing, is a key international standard developed by ASTM International’s Committee D13 on Textiles. This document outlines reliable and repeatable procedures for dividing shipments of yarn into test lots and for conducting representative sampling from these lots. By providing a standardized method for yarn sampling, ASTM D2258/D2258M helps both manufacturers and purchasers assign accurate values to yarn properties, supporting quality assurance in the textile industry.

The standard applies to single, plied, or cabled yarns and cords, regardless of fiber type or packaging, and is suitable for sampling both pre-fabric (before textile manufacturing) and post-fabric (after incorporation into textiles) yarns. While it provides general guidance, specific requirements for lot definition, sampling frequency, and sample size may be determined by either the manufacturer or the purchaser, based on process capabilities and risk assessments.

Key Topics

• Sampling Procedure: Describes step-by-step methods for dividing yarn shipments into test lots, selecting shipping units (cases, beams, or fabric packages), and obtaining representative samples for laboratory tests.
• Scope of Applicability: Covers all forms of yarn and cord, including those made from natural or synthetic fibers, and supports all common packaging forms such as beams, cones, and fabric packages.
• Bias and Precision: Emphasizes the importance of minimizing systematic bias and sampling variation to achieve valid, reproducible test results.
• Sample Size and Lots: Guidance on determining sample counts and sizes, which can be adjusted considering lot size, historical variability, and desired confidence levels for property measurements.
• Sampling from Fabric: Procedures are also included for extracting yarn samples from woven or knitted fabrics for purposes other than acceptance testing, recognizing that such samples may not reflect the original quality of the yarn shipment.
• Units of Measurement: The standard supports both SI and inch-pound units, but requires each system to be used independently.

Applications

• Textile Manufacturing: Ensures the quality and consistency of yarns before they enter weaving, knitting, or other processes, helping manufacturers control process variation and meet product specifications.
• Quality Control Laboratories: Provides standardized methods for obtaining representative yarn samples, supporting accurate physical and chemical testing of yarn properties such as strength and linear density.
• Purchasing and Supplier Agreements: Offers a recognized basis for defining sampling and testing expectations in supply contracts between yarn producers and buyers.
• Post-Production Analysis: Facilitates the assessment of yarn characteristics extracted from finished fabrics, for troubleshooting or reverse engineering, while noting the limitations for such evaluations.
• Regulatory and Compliance Audits: Fulfills quality assurance documentation needed for industry regulations and international trade, aligning with recognized WTO principles.

Related Standards

Organizations and professionals applying ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022) may also reference:

• ASTM D123 - Terminology Relating to Textiles
• ASTM D1578 - Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
• ASTM D1907 - Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
• ASTM D4849 - Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers

These related standards provide complementary methods and definitions that support comprehensive quality assessment and control in the textile industry.

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For optimal yarn sampling accuracy and compliance, adherence to ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022) ensures consistent, unbiased results and underpins effective quality management across the yarn supply chain.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2258/D2258M − 16 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Yarn for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2258/D2258M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of
shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots
2. Referenced Documents
for testing.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric produc-
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
tion.
Form
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and
ber) by the Skein Method
supported on any form of package, including beams.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling
3. Terminology
of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however,
when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of
3.1 For terminology related to Yarns and Fibers, see Termi-
entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the
nology D4849.
resultant sampling can only be used to determine the charac-
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: beam,
teristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance
beam set, bulk sample, case, cone, end, fabric package,
testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the character-
laboratory sample, lot, lot sample, primary sampling unit,
istics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the charac-
production lot, sample, sampling unit, sample skein, specimen,
teristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the
and yarn package.
fabric manufacturing process.
3.3 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D123.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
4. Summary of Practice
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
4.1 Instructions are given for dividing the yarn into lots, for
used independently of the other, and values from the two
determining the number of cases, beams, or fabric packages to
systems shall not be combined.
be selected from each lot as a lot sample, and for determining
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the number of packages, including the number of ends,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
representing those packages taken from the lot sample as a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
laboratory sample.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
measurement process that includes both sampling and testing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends
upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2258 – 99(2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D2258_D2258M-16R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2258/D2258M − 16 (2022)
when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully 5.4.2 Calculate the total variance for average test results for
developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the several combinations of the number of lot samples, the number
true value of the property are possible only when the sampling of laboratory samples per lot sample, and the number of
procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to specimens per laboratory sample.
sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size. 5.4.3 Calculate the cost of performing each of the sampling
schemes considered in 5.4.2.
5.2 PracticeD2258maynotgivethemostefficientsampling
5.4.4 Select the sampling scheme that (1) has the required
planthatmightbedevisedinspecialsituationsbutdoespresent
precision and (2) is most economical to perform.
a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an
economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include
6. Procedure
stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the
use of statistical software tools and calculators. 6.1 Division into Lots—Instructions on the division of
product into lots is best given in the appropriate specification.
5.2.1 Ifnotspecifiedbythepurchaser,themanufacturerwill
define suitable production lots based on one or more of the In the absence of such instructions, sample and test as a
separate lot any portion of a shipment or order that differs from
following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, produc-
tion equipment or production line, operator, designated other portions in specifications, put-up, or physical
characteristics, or that is billed or designated by the supplier as
shipment, production run, or a combination herein.
5.2.2 Ifnotspecifiedbythepurchaser,themanufacturerwill a separate lot. If portions of a larger order are shipped on
different dates, from plants or warehouses, or in more than one
define sampling and testing frequency based on the following:
carloadortruckload,treateachsuchseparatelyshippedportion
processcapabilityorcapabilityanalysis,historicaltrends,level
as a separate lot. If the cases in a shipment do not have
of detection rate required, confidence level requirements,
consecutive numbers, divide the shipment into groups of cases
known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to
having consecutive numbers and treat each group as a separate
ensure conforming product is being produced, identify poten-
lot if it is separated from an adjacent group by as many as ten
tial nonconforming product or proper isolation and
case numbers. Treat each beam set as a separate lot.
identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.
NOTE 1—Many manufacturers have elected to test while manufacturing
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be
product(in-processtesting).Thismethodofsamplingandtestingprovides
basedonstandardpracticelistedwithinthedocument.Increase
faster information in real-time analysis of data for timely adjustments and
or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on
reactions to potential shifts within a process. In either method chosen by
typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level,
the manufacturer (in-process or post-process), the applied practice for
Measurement System Analysis (MSA), gauge R&R study, or sampling yarn contained or its equivalency (frequency and count), may
still be extracted from this standard.
gauge linearity and bias study. Higher variations would indi-
cate reason for an increase in count, while lower variations
6.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
would indicate reason for decrease in count, while lower
unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified in an appli-
variations would indicate reason for decrease in count.
cable material specification, proceed as follows:
5.2.4 When selecting a suitable sample size, several consid-
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
erations need to be made: (1) size of the lot being sampled, (2)
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
historical trends, (3) distribution of the data, (4) level of
between shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit,
accuracy and confidence, (5) cost, and (6) practicality. and between specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling
plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable
5.2.5 Minimizing and reducing measurement error will
quality level, and limiting quality level.
improve product testing reliability, reduce overall variation of
6.2.1 CasesorFabricPackages—For the lot sample, assign
test data accuracy, and improve confidence level of the
each case or fabric package with consecutive numbers and take
reported values.
for acceptance testing, the number of cases or fabric packages
5.3 The smallest number of specimens required for a given
specified in Table 1. Select the cases or fabric packages by a
variability in the average result will usually be obtained by (1)
random process using the assigned numbers by either placing
maximizing the number of shipping containers in the lot
these numbers on small slips or chips, placing them in a
sample, (2 ) taking a single package end per shipping container
in the laboratory sample, and (3) taking only one specimen per
package. Unfortunately, this is rarely the most economical way
A,B
TABLE 1 Number of Cases, Beams, or Fabric Packages
to test a product because it normally costs most to take a
In Lot In Lot Sample
shipping container as part of the lot sample, costs an interme-
diate amount to take a package from a shipping container as
2to4 2
part of a laboratory sample, and costs least to take and test a
5to9 3
specimen from a package or yarn. 10 to 19 4
20 or more 5
5.4 To minimize the cost of sampling a lot of material, it is
A
For cases containing only a few packages per case, enough cases must be taken
necessary to agree on the required variance for the reported
in the lot sample so there will be at least ten packages in the lot sample. (See
average for a lot of material: 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2.)
B
Table 1 is an empirical practice schedule found by experience to be satisfactory
5.4.1 Estimate the variance due to lot samples, the variance
for the lot sample from homogeneous lots of yarn or fabric support packages, such
due to laboratory samples, and the variance due to testing
as rolls or boards.
specimens.
D2258/D2258M − 16 (2022)
container, mixing thoroughly and drawing out the number or end from among those included between 2.5 and 7.5 % of the
numbers by selection, or by using a random number table or its beam end count from one beam flange. Take the other nine
computer equivalent. ends from positions each 10 % of the beam end count from the
6.2.1.1 When fabric packages, such as bolts or pieces, are first end toward the other
...