ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2258/D2258M − 16 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Yarn for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2258/D2258M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of
shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots
2. Referenced Documents
for testing.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric produc-
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
tion.
Form
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and
ber) by the Skein Method
supported on any form of package, including beams.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling
3. Terminology
of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however,
when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of
3.1 For terminology related to Yarns and Fibers, see Termi-
entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the
nology D4849.
resultant sampling can only be used to determine the charac-
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: beam,
teristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance
beam set, bulk sample, case, cone, end, fabric package,
testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the character-
laboratory sample, lot, lot sample, primary sampling unit,
istics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the charac-
production lot, sample, sampling unit, sample skein, specimen,
teristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the
and yarn package.
fabric manufacturing process.
3.3 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D123.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
4. Summary of Practice
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
4.1 Instructions are given for dividing the yarn into lots, for
used independently of the other, and values from the two
determining the number of cases, beams, or fabric packages to
systems shall not be combined.
be selected from each lot as a lot sample, and for determining
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the number of packages, including the number of ends,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
representing those packages taken from the lot sample as a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
laboratory sample.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
measurement process that includes both sampling and testing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends
upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2258 – 99(2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D2258_D2258M-16R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2258/D2258M − 16 (2022)
when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully 5.4.2 Calculate the total variance for average test results for
developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the several combinations of the number of lot samples, the number
true value of the property are possible only when the sampling of laboratory samples per lot sample, and the number of
procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to specimens per laboratory sample.
sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size. 5.4.3 Calculate the cost of performing each of the sampling
schemes considered in 5.4.2.
5.2 PracticeD2258maynotgivethemostefficientsampling
5.4.4 Select the sampling scheme that (1) has the required
planthatmightbedevisedinspecialsituationsbutdoespresent
precision and (2) is most economical to perform.
a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an
economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include
6. Procedure
stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the
use of statistical software tools and calculators. 6.1 Division into Lots—Instructions on the division of
product into lots is best given in the appropriate specification.
5.2.1 Ifnotspecifiedbythepurchaser,themanufacturerwill
define suitable production lots based on one or more of the In the absence of such instructions, sample and test as a
separate lot any portion of a shipment or order that differs from
following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, produc-
tion equipment or production line, operator, designated other portions in specifications, put-up, or physical
characteristics, or that is billed or designated by the supplier as
shipment, production run, or a combination herein.
5.2.2 Ifnotspecifiedbythepurchaser,themanufacturerwill a separate lot. If portions of a larger order are shipped on
different dates, from plants or warehouses, or in more than one
define sampling and testing frequency based on the following:
carloadortruckload,treateachsuchseparatelyshippedportion
processcapabilityorcapabilityanalysis,historicaltrends,level
as a separate lot. If the cases in a shipment do not have
of detection rate required, confidence level requirements,
consecutive numbers, divide the shipment into groups of cases
known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to
having consecutive numbers and treat each group as a separate
ensure conforming product is being produced, identify poten-
lot if it is separated from an adjacent group by as many as ten
tial nonconforming product or proper isolation and
case numbers. Treat each beam set as a separate lot.
identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.
NOTE 1—Many manufacturers have elected to test while manufacturing
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be
product(in-processtesting).Thismethodofsamplingandtestingprovides
basedonstandardpracticelistedwithinthedocument.Increase
faster information in real-time analysis of data for timely adjustments and
or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on
reactions to potential shifts within a process. In either method chosen by
typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level,
the manufacturer (in-process or post-process), the applied practice for
Measurement System Analysis (MSA), gauge R&R study, or sampling yarn contained or its equivalency (frequency and count), may
still be extracted from this standard.
gauge linearity and bias study. Higher variations would indi-
cate reason for an increase in count, while lower variations
6.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
would indicate reason for decrease in count, while lower
unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified in an appli-
variations would indicate reason for decrease in count.
cable material specification, proceed as follows:
5.2.4 When selecting a suitable sample size, several consid-
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
erations need to be made: (1) size of the lot being sampled, (2)
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
historical trends, (3) distribution of the data, (4) level of
between shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit,
accuracy and confidence, (5) cost, and (6) practicality. and between specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling
plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable
5.2.5 Minimizing and reducing measurement error will
quality level, and limiting quality level.
improve product testing reliability, reduce overall variation of
6.2.1 CasesorFabricPackages—For the lot sample, assign
test data accuracy, and improve confidence level of the
each case or fabric package with consecutive numbers and take
reported values.
for acceptance testing, the number of cases or fabric packages
5.3 The smallest number of specimens required for a given
specified in Table 1. Select the cases or fabric packages by a
variability in the average result will usually be obtained by (1)
random process using the assigned numbers by either placing
maximizing the number of shipping containers in the lot
these numbers on small slips or chips, placing them in a
sample, (2 ) taking a single package end per shipping container
in the laboratory sample, and (3) taking only one specimen per
package. Unfortunately, this is rarely the most economical way
A,B
TABLE 1 Number of Cases, Beams, or Fabric Packages
to test a product because it normally costs most to take a
In Lot In Lot Sample
shipping container as part of the lot sample, costs an interme-
diate amount to take a package from a shipping container as
2to4 2
part of a laboratory sample, and costs least to take and test a
5to9 3
specimen from a package or yarn. 10 to 19 4
20 or more 5
5.4 To minimize the cost of sampling a lot of material, it is
A
For cases containing only a few packages per case, enough cases must be taken
necessary to agree on the required variance for the reported
in the lot sample so there will be at least ten packages in the lot sample. (See
average for a lot of material: 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2.)
B
Table 1 is an empirical practice schedule found by experience to be satisfactory
5.4.1 Estimate the variance due to lot samples, the variance
for the lot sample from homogeneous lots of yarn or fabric support packages, such
due to laboratory samples, and the variance due to testing
as rolls or boards.
specimens.
D2258/D2258M − 16 (2022)
container, mixing thoroughly and drawing out the number or end from among those included between 2.5 and 7.5 % of the
numbers by selection, or by using a random number table or its beam end count from one beam flange. Take the other nine
computer equivalent. ends from positions each 10 % of the beam end count from the
6.2.1.1 When fabric packages, such as bolts or pieces, are first end toward the other beam flange.When sampling yarn on
contained in cases, consider the case as the sampling unit. beams, reel sample skeins, or reel test skeins directly from the
When fabric packages, such as rolls are self-contained, con- beams using minimal tension to prevent stretching of yarns.
sider the individual fabric package as the sampling unit. Placethebeamcontainingtheyarntobetestedontwobearings
6.2.1.2 When known, fabric packages, such as rolls, pieces, high enough for the beam flanges to clear the floor. Attach a
crank arm to one end of the beam shaft. Place the reel a
or bolts produced from one beam set may be treated in the
same manner as beams. convenient distance from the beam to draw the yarn from the
beam at less than a 20° angle. Fasten the required number of
6.2.2 Beams—For the lot sample, assign each beam with
consecutivenumbersandtakeforacceptancetesting,onebeam endsfromthebeamstothereel.Letoneoperatorturnthebeam
slowly to unwind the yarn while a second operator turns the
from the beam set. Select the beam by a random process using
the assigned numbers by either placing these numbers on small reel fast enough to take up the yarn as it comes from the beam.
slips or chips, placing them in a container, mixing thoroughly
NOTE 4—In using beams after the test ends have been removed, a set of
anddrawingoutthenumberbyselection,orbyusingarandom
spools containing the same kind of yarn or thread as that on the beam may
number table or its computer equivalent.
be placed behind the beam on a small creel to replace the ends that have
beenusedfortesting.Whentheendswhichsupplythetestskeinscomeup
6.3 Laboratory Sample—For a laboratory sample for accep-
on the beam, the auxiliary spools may be broken out.
tance testing, unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified
6.3.4 Sample Skeins—It is often preferable, but is not
in an applicable material specification, proceed as follows:
mandatory except when sampling yarn on beams, to reel
6.3.1 Cases—When sampling cases, take a total of ten
sample skeins. Skeins condition more rapidly than tightly
packages from the lot sample. When there are five cases in the
wound packages, and it is sometimes more convenient to
lot sample, select randomly two packages from each case.
handle the laboratory sample in skein form. From each of the
When there are four cases in the lot sample, select randomly
yarn packages or ends selected for the laboratory sample, reel
two packages from each case then randomly select two of the
askeincontainingsufficientlengthtoprovideallthespecimens
fourcasesandselectrandomlyathirdpackagefromeachofthe
required. If yarn strength or yarn number is to be determined
selected cases. When there are three cases in the lot sample,
by skein methods, the test skeins specified in Test Method
select randomly three packages from each case then randomly
D1578andTestMethodD1907maybereeleddirectlyfromthe
select one of the three cases and select randomly a fourth
yarn packages or beams, and additional sample skeins may be
package from the selected case. When there are two cases in
reeled as a source of specimens for other tests. Rem
...
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