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ASTM F3397/F3397M-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations

Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides designers of general aviation aeroplanes a process for evaluating and testing a fuel system under hot weather conditions to ensure safety during flight. The specification is applicable to kerosene-type turbine engine fuels and fuel systems for traditional general aviation aeroplanes.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice provides requirements for performing hot weather testing as a means of compliance to Subsection 7.7 of Specification F3063/F3063M for kerosene-type turbine fuels such as Jet A and Jet A-1 (Specification D1655). The appendix provides supplemental information and considerations for turbine fuel system hot weather operation. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation.  
1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities (CAAs)) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements hereinafter (“the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning is given in Section 6 on Test Setup.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2020
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
F44 - General Aviation Aircraft
Drafting Committee
F44.40 - Powerplant
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F3397/F3397M-21 - Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather OperationsASTM F3397/F3397M-21 - Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations
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ASTM F3397/F3397M-21 - Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3397/F3397M − 21
Standard Practice for
1
Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF3397/F3397M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This standard practice provides requirements for per- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
forming hot weather testing as a means of compliance to D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Subsection 7.7 of Specification F3063/F3063M for kerosene- D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
type turbine fuels such as Jet A and Jet A-1 (Specification F3063/F3063M Specification for Aircraft Fuel Storage and
D1655). The appendix provides supplemental information and Delivery
considerations for turbine fuel system hot weather operation. F3064/F3064M Specification for Aircraft Powerplant
The material was developed through open consensus of inter- Control, Operation, and Indication
national experts in general aviation. F3179/F3179M Specification for Performance of Aircraft
3
2.2 FAA Standards:
1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as
AC 23-16A Powerplant Guide for Certification of Part 23
Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guid-
Airplanes and Airships
ance from their respective oversight authority (for example,
CAR 3 Airplane Airwothiness – Normal, Utility, and Acro-
published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities
batic Categories
(CAAs)) concerning the acceptable use and application
4
thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have
2.3 CRC Report:
accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable
CRC AV-20-14 Determination of Heat of Vaporization and
Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements herein-
Creating Enthalpy Diagrams for Several Common Jet
after (“the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web
Fuels
page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).
2.4 Fuel Standards:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units GOST 10227 Russian Standards and Regulations: Jet Fuel
5
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Specification
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to MIL-DTL-5624 Detail Specification: Turbine Fuel,
6
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Aviation, Grades JP-4 and JP-5
used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined. 3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 fuel volatility, n—thefuel’stendencytoevaporate(that
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- is, change to a vapor from a fluid).
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2 vapor pressure, n—pressure exerted by its vapor in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A
equilibrium with the liquid at a specific temperature with the
specific warning is given in Section 6 on Test Setup.
absence of air over the fuel.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the ASTM website.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence
Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov.
4
Available from Coordinating Research Council (CRC), 5755 North Point
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F44 on General Parkway, Suite 265, Alpharetta, GA 30022, https://www.crcao.org.
5
Aviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.40 on Available from Russian Gost, LLC. P.O. Box 366, Alief, TX 77411, https://
Powerplant. www.russiangost.com.
6
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
F3397_F3397M-21. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
...

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1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.  
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SCOPE
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Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
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This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
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1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
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1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
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ASTM D8070-23(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a tool for assessing whether fuel storage and distribution facilities, or end user fuel tanks, are subject to microbial growth, and to alert fuel suppliers or users to the potential for fuel quality or operational problems or the requirement for preventative or remedial measures, or both.  
5.2 This test method allows assessment of whether antigens generated by microbial activity in the specimens are present within specific defined ranges.  
5.3 This test method measures the presence of microbial and metabolite antigens in a specimen. The antigens are generated from the living cells and metabolites created by fungi and bacteria during growth on fuel. Consequently, the presence of antigens is an indicator of microbial contamination in fuel systems. Antigens are not associated with matter of nonbiological origin.  
5.3.1 Some of the antigens detected by this test method can persist after treatment with a biocide. See 11.4.  
5.4 This test method is semi-quantitative and can be used to determine whether contamination in samples drawn from fuel tanks and systems is negligible or present at moderate or heavy levels.  
5.4.1 Further information on using the test to assess biodeterioration risk is provided in Appendix X1.  
5.5 The significance of these levels to the operator will depend on the fuel type, the sampling location, the equipment or facility sampled, and the specific operating circumstances.  
5.6 Further guidance on interpretation of test results can be found in Guide D6469, in Energy Institute guidelines for the investigation of the microbial content of petroleum fuels, and in the IATA Guidance Material on Microbial Contamination in Aircraft Fuel Tanks.  
5.7 Further guidance on sampling can be found in Practice D7464.  
5.8 Testing can be conducted on a routine basis or to investigate incidents.  
5.9 Microbiological tests are not intended to be used to determine compliance with fuel specifications or lim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kinematic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm2s–1 (for example, Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated water.  
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.  
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the concentration of specific antigens generated by commonly recovered, fuel-associated, aerobic microorganisms during active growth in fuel systems.  
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria, antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds), and an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).  
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the case with all microbiological test methods, this test method does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a fuel or fuel-associated water sample.  
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contamination.  
1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges detected are 750 µg/L (heavy).  
1.3.2 For specimens of wat...

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ASTM
ASTM E1259-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Guide D6469 details the types of problems associated with uncontrolled microbial growth in fuels and fuel systems. Treatment with effective antimicrobial agents is one element of contamination control strategy.  
5.2 The procedure should be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides in liquid fuels boiling below 390 °C. The effect of environmental conditions, such as a variety of fuel additives, metal surfaces, and climatology, are variables that can be included in specific tests using this protocol.  
5.3 This practice addresses product performance issues only. Regulatory Agencies restrict and control the use of both pesticides (in the U.S.: 40 CFR 152) and fuel additives (40 CFR 79). Regardless of performance in this method, antimicrobials must only be used in compliance with applicable regulations. Specific industries, for example, the aviation industry, may place further restrictions on chemicals used for fuel treatment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to evaluate antimicrobial agents for the prevention of microbially influenced deterioration of liquid fuels (as defined by Specification D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, D6751, and D7467), system deterioration, or both.  
1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is required and to follow them where appropriate (40 CFR, 160), or as revised.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    5 pages
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