ASTM D4595/D4595M-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip force-elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D4595/D4595M for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 6). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595/D4595M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or geot...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4595/D4595M − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595/D4595M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen
tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex-
2. Referenced Documents
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
application.
Textiles
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
D579/D579M Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
modulus, and breaking toughness.
tiles
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
3
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
method are included.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other
3. Terminology
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at
the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications
a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the
2 °C [70 6 4 °F].
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified
−1 −2
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles,
fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile
the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to the
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
specimen.
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.3 corresponding force, F , n—the force associated with a
c
with the standard.
specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.4 geotechnical engineering, n—the engineering applica-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion of geotechnics.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.5 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
solution of engineering problems.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 15, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4595 – 17. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D4595_D4595M-23. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4595 − 17 D4595/D4595M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595;D4595/D4595M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method.
This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and
felts that are used for geotextile application.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the
calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are
included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the
specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length
area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides
a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017April 15, 2023. Published June 2017May 2023. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20112017 as D4595
– 11. DOI: 10.1520/D4595-17.17. DOI: 10.1520/D4595_D4595M-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4595/D4595M − 23
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579D579/D579M Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
D1776D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3. Terminology
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6 2 °C (70
6 4 °F).[70 6 4 °F].
−1 −2
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
3.2.1 Discussion—
Breaking toughness is proportional to the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the breaking point (see also
work-to-break). Breaking toughness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a specimen.
3.3 corresponding force, F , n—the force associated with a specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve. (Syn. load
c
at specified elongation, LASE.)
3.4 geo
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4595/D4595M − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595/D4595M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen
tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex-
2. Referenced Documents
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
application.
Textiles
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
D579/D579M Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
modulus, and breaking toughness.
tiles
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
3
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
method are included.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other
3. Terminology
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at
the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications
a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the
2 °C [70 6 4 °F].
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified
−1 −2
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles,
fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile
the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to the
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
specimen.
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.3 corresponding force, F , n—the force associated with a
c
with the standard.
specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.4 geotechnical engineering, n—the engineering applica-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion of geotechnics.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.5 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
solution of engineering problems.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 15, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4595 – 17. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D4595_D4595M-23. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4595/D4595M − 2
...
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