ASTM A476/A476M-00(2022)

Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ductile iron castings for use in pressure containing paper mill dryer rolls. The castings shall be stress relieved through heat treatment and shall undergo chemical analysis and conform to the required chemical composition in total carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. Tension test specimens shall be obtained from test coupons poured from the same iron as the castings represented and shall conform to the prescribed mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation. Hardness test shall be conducted on the material and shall meet the required Brinell hardness value.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ductile iron castings for use in pressure-containing paper mill dryer rolls at temperatures up to 450 °F [230 °C].  
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in various locations of the same casting or between the properties of a casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.02 - Malleable and Ductile Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A476-90(1997) - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls (Withdrawn 2000)
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1997
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM A644-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-15 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM A644-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2014
• Refers: ASTM E10-14 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM A644-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM E10-12 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2012
• Refers: ASTM E8/E8M-11 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM E10-10 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Refers: ASTM E446-10 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Refers: ASTM A644-09a - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Refers: ASTM A644-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2009

Overview

ASTM A476/A476M-00(2022) is the standard specification developed by ASTM International for ductile iron castings specifically intended for use in pressure-containing paper mill dryer rolls operating at temperatures up to 450 °F (230 °C). The standard ensures that castings meet strict chemical, mechanical, and physical requirements to support reliable, safe operation in demanding industrial environments. Developed in line with internationally recognized standardization principles, this specification provides clarity for both suppliers and end-users regarding certification, testing, and product quality.

Key Topics

Scope and Applicability

• Covers ductile iron castings used in paper mill dryer rolls operating under pressure and elevated temperatures.
• Addresses orders, certification, and marking to ensure transparency and traceability.

Material Requirements

• Specifies minimum contents and maximum impurities for total carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur.
• Requires carbon equivalent values within a defined range for optimal ductility and strength.

Heat Treatment

• Mandates stress relieving of castings by heat treatment, not exceeding 1200 °F (650 °C), enhancing dimensional stability and mechanical properties.

Mechanical Properties

• Sets minimum limits for tensile and yield strength, as well as elongation, verified through standardized tension testing.
• Requires Brinell hardness testing with specified minimum values, ensuring wear resistance and durability.

Sampling and Testing

• Specifies procedures for obtaining test coupons from the same iron batch as the casting for chemical and mechanical property verifications.
• Defines test specimen sizes and testing methods to maintain consistency and comparability across productions.

Repair and Inspection

• Allows repair of defective areas by plugging, detailing maximum plug sizes and spacing, while prohibiting welding or brazing.
• Outlines inspection protocols for manufacturers and purchasers, maintaining quality and compliance.

Applications

The ASTM A476/A476M standard plays a critical role across the paper manufacturing industry, particularly in the production and maintenance of paper mill dryer rolls. Key applications include:

• Paper Mill Dryer Rolls: Ensures castings are robust enough to withstand internal pressure and high thermal loads consistently encountered in drying sections of paper machines.
• Maintenance and Replacement: Provides clear criteria for evaluating, testing, and certifying replacement dryer roll castings, extending the service life of machinery.
• Procurement and Quality Assurance: Enables manufacturers and buyers to specify, procure, and inspect ductile iron castings with confidence, promoting safety and operational efficiency.

By adhering to ASTM A476/A476M, manufacturers and operators benefit from improved reliability, reduced downtime, and enhanced safety in high-stress industrial environments.

Related Standards

• ASTM A644: Terminology Relating to Iron Castings - Provides definitions of terms used in this and related standards.
• ASTM E8/E8M: Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials - Specifies standard procedures for tensile testing.
• ASTM E10: Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials - Establishes procedures for performing hardness testing on castings.
• ASTM E94/E94M: Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film - Covers radiographic quality control.
• ASTM E446: Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness - Offers visual comparison references for evaluating casting integrity.
• ASME SA-467: For applications under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

These related documents support comprehensive quality assurance and compliance efforts for ductile iron castings within the scope of ASTM A476/A476M.

---

Keywords: ASTM A476, ductile iron castings, paper mill dryer rolls, standard specification, mechanical properties, pressure-containing, Brinell hardness, heat treatment, industrial standards, quality assurance, paper manufacturing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A476/A476M −00 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
1,2
Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA476/A476M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
(50.8 mm) in Thickness
1.1 This specification covers ductile iron castings for use in
pressure-containing paper mill dryer rolls at temperatures up to
3. Terminology
450 °F [230 °C].
3.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings are
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
found in Terminology A644.
tweenthepropertiesoftheironinvariouslocationsofthesame
castingorbetweenthepropertiesofacastingandthoseofatest
4. Ordering Information
specimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).
4.1 Ordersformaterialpurchasedtotherequirementsofthis
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
specification should include the following information:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1.1 Quantity,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4.1.2 Specification number and date of issue,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.1.3 Description of casting by pattern number or drawing,
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
4.1.4 Heat treatment, if required (see 5.1),
with the standard.
4.1.5 Type of test coupon (see 9.2),
1.3.1 Exception—Within the text, the SI units are shown in
4.1.6 Certification, if required (see 13.1),
brackets.
4.1.7 Marking location (see 14.1), and
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1.8 Additional requirements.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Heat Treatment
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 5.1 The castings may be stress relieved at a temperature not
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. to exceed 1200 °F [650 °C].
2. Referenced Documents
6. Chemical Requirements
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.1 The castings shall conform to the following chemical
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
requirements:
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
Total carbon, min, % 3.0
terials
Silicon, max, % 3.0
Phosphorus, max, % 0.08
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Sulfur, max, % 0.05
E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-
6.2 The castings shall have a carbon equivalent of 3.8 to 4.5
dustrial Radiographic Film
inclusive.
NOTE 1—The carbon content equivalent is calculated as follows:
Total carbon + 0.3 (silicon + phosphorus)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
6.3 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made on
Ductile Iron Castings.
either chilled cast pencil-type specimens or on thin wafers
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A476/A476M – 00
approximately ⁄32 in. [0.8 mm] thick, cut from test coupons.
(2018). DOI: 10.1520/A0476_A0476M-00R22.
Drillings shall not be used due to attendant loss of graphite.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Applications, see related Specifi-
cations SA-467 in Section II of that Code.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 7. Mechanical Properties
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
7.1 The iron represented by test coupons shall conform to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tensile requirements prescribed in Table 1.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A476/A476M − 00 (2022)
TABLE 1 Tensile Requirements
Test Coupon Section Thickness 1 in. [25 mm] 3 in. [75 mm]
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 80 [555] 80 [555]
Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [415] 60 [415]
Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm], min, % 3.0 [3.0] 1.0 [1.0]
7.2 The yield strength prescribed in Table 1 may be deter-
mined by any of the approved procedures described in 7.3 of
Test Methods E8/E8M.
7.3 The Brinell hardness of the material shall be a minimum
of 201 HB. Hardness tests shall be conducted in accordance
with Test Method E10, using a 3000 kgf load. The test may be
made on either the casting or on a test coupon representing the
casting.
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
8.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions on the
drawings furnished by the purchaser or, if no drawing has been
provided, to the dimensions predicated by the pattern supplied NOTE 1—The length of keel block shall be 6 in. [150 mm].
by the purchaser. Surfaces of the castings shall be free of
FIG. 2 Keel Block for Test Coupons
adheringsand.Runners,risers,fins,andotherextraneousmetal
shall be removed.
9.4 Table 2 shows the equivalent geometrical shapes with
9. Sampling
various dimensions and the equivalent “Y” block, based on
9.1 Test coupons shall be poured from the same iron as the
cooling rates, and may be used as a guide for selection of the
castings represented.
proper “Y” block to be specified to represent the casting.
9.2 Test coupons shall be cast either to the “Y” block size
9.5 Whenthecastingsareheattreated,thetestcouponsshall
and shape shown in Fig. 1 or to the dimensions of the 1 in.
be heat treated with the castings they represent.
[25 mm] keel block shown in Fig. 2. The type of test coupon
10. Tension Test
and, when selected, the size of the “Y” block shall be specified
by the purchaser.
10.1 Tension test specimens shall be obtained from test
coupons shown in either Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, and machined to the
9.3 The test coupons shall be cast in open molds made of
dimensions shown in Fig. 3. Test coupons cast as “Y” blocks
suitable core sand with a minimum 1 ⁄2 in. [38 mm] of sand for
the 1 in. [25 mm] size and 3 in. [75 mm] of sand for the 3 in. (Fig. 1) shall be sectioned as shown in Fig. 4.
[75mm]size.Thecouponsshallbeleftinthemolduntilblack.
10.2 One tension test shall be performed for each casting.
10.3 If any specimen shows defective machining or flaws, it
may be discarded and another substituted from the same
casting represented.
10.4 If an apparently sound test specimen fails to conform
to the tensile requirements, two retests may be made. If either
retest fails to conform to the requirements specified, the
castings shall be rejected.
11. Repairs
11.1 Castings made to this specification that leak on subse-
quent hydrostatic testing may be repaired by using threaded
“Y” Block Size
plugs provided the following requirements are met.
For Castings of Thickness For Castings of Thickness 11.1.1 No welding or brazing shall be permitted.
1 1 1
Dimensions ⁄2 in. to 1 ⁄2 in. of 1 ⁄2 in. [40 mm] and
[12.5 to 40 mm] Over
in. [mm] in. [mm] TABLE 2 Equivalent Geometric Shapes Corresponding to “Y”
Blocks
A 1 [25] 3 [75]
B1 ⁄8 [55] 5 [125]
Infinite Plate
“Y” Block Round Diameter, Cube Edge,
C 3 [75] 4 [100]
Thickness,
Size, in. [mm] in. [mm] in. [mm]
D 6 [150] 8 [200]
in. [mm]
E 7 [175] approx 7 [175] approx
1 [25] 0.9 [22.5] 1.75 [44] 2.75 [44]
3 [75] 1.6 [40] 3.1 [78] 4.8 [120]
FIG. 1 “Y” Blocks for Test Coupons
A476/A476M − 00 (2022)
11.1.7 The minimum radius of curvature of the repaired
section of the cylinder in relation to the size of plug used shall
be not less than that given in Table 4.
11.1.8 A repaired area may consist of
...