ASTM E1169-21
(Practice)Standard Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
Standard Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A ruggedness test is a special application of a statistically designed experiment that makes changes in the test method variables, called factors, and then calculates the subsequent effect of those changes upon the test results. Factors are features of the test method or of the laboratory environment that are known to vary across laboratories and are subject to control by the test method.
4.1.1 Statistical design enables more efficient and cost-effective determination of the factor effects than would be achieved if separate experiments were carried out for each factor. The proposed designs are easy to use in developing the information needed for evaluating quantitative test methods.
4.2 In ruggedness testing, the two levels (settings) for each factor are chosen to use moderate separations between the high and low settings. In general, if there is an underlying difference between the levels, then the size of effects will increase with increased separation between the high and low settings of the factors. A run is an execution of the test method under prescribed settings of each of the factors under study. A ruggedness test consists of a set of runs.
4.3 A ruggedness test is usually conducted within a single laboratory on uniform material, so that the effects of changing only the factors are measured. The results may then be used to assist in determining the degree of control required of factors described in the test method.
4.4 Ruggedness testing should precede an interlaboratory (round robin) study to correct any deficiencies in the test method and may also be part of the validation phase of developing a standard test method as described in Guide E1488.
4.5 This standard discusses design and analysis of ruggedness testing in Section 5 and contains an example of a basic eight run design. Some caution must be used in interpretation of results, since interaction effects may be present. These effects are present when a factor effect changes with the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers conducting ruggedness tests. The purpose of a ruggedness test is to identify those factors that strongly influence the measurements provided by a specific test method and to estimate how closely those factors need to be controlled.
1.2 This practice restricts itself to experimental designs with two levels per factor. The designs require the simultaneous change of the levels of all of the factors, thus permitting the determination of the effects of each of the factors on the measured results.
1.3 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1169 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Conducting Ruggedness Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E2282Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
F2082Test Method for Determination of Transformation
1.1 This practice covers conducting ruggedness tests. The
Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys
purpose of a ruggedness test is to identify those factors that
by Bend and Free Recovery
stronglyinfluencethemeasurementsprovidedbyaspecifictest
method and to estimate how closely those factors need to be
3. Terminology
controlled.
3.1 Definitions—Unlessotherwisenotedinthisstandard,all
1.2 Thispracticerestrictsitselftoexperimentaldesignswith
terms relating to quality and statistics are defined in Terminol-
two levels per factor. The designs require the simultaneous
ogy E456.
change of the levels of all of the factors, thus permitting the
3.1.1 factor, n—independent variable in an experimental
determination of the effects of each of the factors on the
design. E1325
measured results.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For experimental purposes, factors
1.3 The system of units for this practice is not specified.
must be temporarily controllable. In a ruggedness test, a factor
Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as
is a test variable that may affect either the result obtained from
illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not
the use of the test method or the variability of the result.
binding on products or test methods treated.
3.1.2 fractional factorial design, n—a factorial experiment
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in which only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatments
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
required for the complete factorial experiment is selected to be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
run. E1325
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 interaction, n—differences in responses to a factor
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
among levels (versions) of other factors in the experiment.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E1325
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Interaction is the condition where a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
factor effect changes with the level of other factors in the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
experiment design.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.4 level (of a factor), n—a given value, a specification of
2. Referenced Documents
procedure or a specific setting of a factor. E1325
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 main effect, average effect, n—a term describing a
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
measure for the comparison of the responses at each level
E1325Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments
(version)ofafactoraveragedoveralllevels(versions)ofother
E1488GuideforStatisticalProcedurestoUseinDeveloping
factors in the experiment. E1325
and Applying Test Methods
3.1.5.1 Discussion—This is also known as a first-order
effect. In a ruggedness test, the main effect is the change in the
1
test result due to a change in the level of a factor. This is the
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE11onQualityand
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
difference of the average result at the high level of the factor
Evaluation and Quality Control.
minus the average result at the low level. There are only two
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved
levels in the ruggedness tests considered here.
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1169–20. DOI: 10.1520/
E1169-21.
3.1.6 Plackett-Burman designs, n—a set of screening de-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
signs using orthogonal arrays that permit evaluation of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
linear effects of up to n = t – 1 factors in a study of t treatment
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. combinations. E1325
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1169 − 20 E1169 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Conducting Ruggedness Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers conducting ruggedness tests. The purpose of a ruggedness test is to identify those factors that strongly
influence the measurements provided by a specific test method and to estimate how closely those factors need to be controlled.
1.2 This practice restricts itself to experimental designs with two levels per factor. The designs require the simultaneous change
of the levels of all of the factors, thus permitting the determination of the effects of each of the factors on the measured results.
1.3 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations
of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1325 Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments
E1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test Methods
E2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
F2082 Test Method for Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and
Free Recovery
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The terminology Unless otherwise noted in this standard, all terms relating to quality and statistics are defined
in Terminology E456 applies to this practice unless modified herein.
3.1.1 factor, n—independent variable in an experimental design. E1325
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
Evaluation and Quality Control.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020June 1, 2021. Published May 2020July 2021. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20182020 as
E1169 – 18.E1169 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/E1169-20.10.1520/E1169-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1169 − 21
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
For experimental purposes, factors must be temporarily controllable. In a ruggedness test, a factor is a test variable that may affect
either the result obtained from the use of the test method or the variability of the result.
3.1.2 fractional factorial design, n—a factorial experiment in which only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatments required
for the complete factorial experiment is selected to be run. E1325
3.1.3 interaction, n—differences in responses to a factor among levels (versions) of other factors in the experiment. E1325
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Interaction is the condition where a factor effect changes with the level of other factors in the experiment design.
3.1.4 level (of a factor), n—a given value, a specification of procedure or a specific setting of a factor. E1325
3.1.5 main effect, average effect, n—a term describing a measure for the comparison of the responses at each level (version) of
a factor averaged over all levels (versions) of other factors in the experiment. E1325
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
This is also known as a first-order effect. In a ruggedness test, the main effect is the
...
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